This study was carried out to isolate and characterize the flavonoids present in corn silks. Maysin content in the unpollinated corn silks (Kwangpyeongok) showed its highest level at 3 days after silking, and decreased thereafter, while the content of open pollinated silks were consistently decreased after silking. This result indicates that the maysin content is considerably affected by the pollination of corn silk. Unpollinated corn silks were collected with excising, and ethanol employed to extract flavonoids at common temperature for 9 days. After extraction, chlorophyll, lipids etc. were removed with methylene chloride, then submitted to flash column cartridge (150 × 40 mm i.d.) packed with a preparative RP-C 18 bulk packing material (125 Å, 55-105 μm), and monitored at 352 nm. Four fractions, fraction-I, -II, -III, and -IV, were isolated from ethanolic extract of corn silks. Absorption spectrum of fraction I showed its maximum intensity (λmax) at 327 nm and 239 nm, fraction-II showed its maximum intensity at 339 nm and 274 nm, fraction-III showed its maximum intensity at 345 nm and 277 nm, and fraction-IV showed its maximum intensity at 352 nm, 270 nm, 257 nm, respectively. On the baisis of ESI micro-TOF analysis, fraction-I was identified as chlorogenic acid (m/z 355, 3-(3,4-dihydroxycinnamoyl)quinic acid, C16H18O9), fraction-II identified as a mixture of chlorogenic acid and luteolin 3'-methyl ether 7-glucuronosyl-(1→2)-glucuronide (m/z 653, C 28 H 28 O 18 ), fraction-III identified as a mixture of chlorogenic acid luteolin 7-O-neohesperidoside (m/z 595, C 27 H 30 O 15 ), and luteolin 3'-methyl ether 7-glucuronosyl-(1→2)-glucuronide, and fraction-IV identified as maysin (m/z 577, 2''-O-α-L-rhamnosyl-6-C-(6-deoxy-xylohexose-4-ulosyl)luteolin, C 27 H 28 O 14 ), respectively. From the ethanolic extract of corn silks, fraction-I was obtained about 35 mg/100 g F.W., fraction-II was about 48 mg/100 g F.W., fraction-III was about 46 mg/100 g F.W., and fraction-IV was about 138 mg/100 g F.W., respectively.
The study was carried out to analyze the relationship between analysis of antioxidant activity and the level of functional components according to particle size of corn silk. Particle size was classified into 5 groups. By particle size distribution and color difference, the total phenol content and DPPH radical scavenging activity were observed. The particle sizes of corn silk were 199.17 ㎛, 178.27 ㎛, 85.48 ㎛, 27.4 ㎛ and 20.97 ㎛, respectively. The lightness of colored pigments was increased when the particle size was decreased. The contents of free sugar (fructose, glucose, galactose, sucrose, and maltose) of corn silk were analyzed using a HPLC. The total phenol contents by the particle sizes of corn silk were 2.01 mg/g, 2.02 mg/g, 2.06 mg/g, 2.26 mg/g and 2.26 mg/g, respectively. DPPH radical scavenging activities of samples were 21.00%, 21.75%, 22.90%, 24.35% and 23.67%, respectively. Antioxidative activities of Trolox and Fe(II) in corn silk were measured by ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay and Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) assay. TEAC values of samples were 2.36 μmol TE / g dw, 2.81 μmol TE / g dw, 3.20 μmol TE / g dw, 3.36 μmol TE / g dw, and 3.44 μmol TE / g dw, respectively. FRAP values of samples were 11.67 μmol Fe(II) / g dw, 12.80 μmol Fe(II) / g dw, 13.43 μmol Fe(II) / g dw, 13.85 μmol Fe(II) / g dw and 15.95 μ mol Fe(II) / g dw, respectively. Total phenolic content and antioxidantive activities based on FRAP assay and TEAC assay were increased with decreasing particle size. In addition, DPPH radical scavenging activity was also increased. A significant correlation was also noted between DPPH radical scavenging activities and the content of phenolic compounds.
β-Glucan is a polysaccharide expressed on the cell walls of fungi. It is known that β-glucan is recognized by a family of C-type lectin receptors, dectin-1, which is expressed mainly on myeloid immune cells, including macrophages, neutrophils and dendritic cells. Raw 264.7 cells were treated with β-glucan from Schizophyllum commune. β-Glucan was not cytotoxic up to 400 μg/mL as measured by MTT assay. To measure the activity of macrophages, NO and TNF-α assays were performed in Raw 264.7 cells. Treatment with β-glucan for 24 hr significantly increased production of NO and TNF-α compared with control groups (p<0.05), indicating activation of macrophages. To measure inhibition of breast cancer cell proliferation, MTT assay was performed in MDA-MB-231 cells. Cell viability was significantly decreased in the group treated with 400 μg/mL of βglucan for 48 hr (p<0.05) compared to the control group. However, tumor volume was decreased in the groups administered 200 μg of β-glucan/mouse compared to the control group. These results indicate that β-glucan inhibits breast cancer cell growth through the induction of apoptosis.
The purpose of this study is to analyze the factors affecting breastfeeding initiation by time sequences after delivery. We retrospectively reviewed medical records of the mothers and neonates in 22 hospitals with over 500 beds selected by proportional stratified random sampling according to location and bed size. We randomly sampled 60 cases per each delivery type (vaginal delivery and C-section) from each hospital, from the patients who had discharged between September 1st and November 30th, 2006. If there were no enough sample size in one hospital, we reviewed all cases during discharged 3 months period. A total of 1,506 medical records were selected but 281 were excluded because of breastfeeding contraindication (54 cases), refusal of breastfeeding(187 cases), and no breastfeeding initiation time record (40 cases). Total number of subjects included for analysis was 1,225. We reviewed breastfeeding initiation time after delivery and conducted Chi-square test and multiple logistic regression analysis. Seven variables (maternal age, delivery type, gestational age, birth weight, 5 minutes APGAR score, mother's hospital duration, and Baby-friendly Hospital Initiative) were used in multiple logistic regression analysis. Multiple logistic regression was carried out using SPSS WIN 12.0 program to identify the factors affecting initiation time of breast feeding. The proportion of mothers who breastfed within 30 minutes after delivery was 12.3% in vaginal delivery and 0% in C-section. Adjusted odds ratios associated with no breastfeeding within 120 minutes after delivery were 0.04(95%
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