The purpose of this study was to evaluate the validity and reliability of the Korean version of LittlEARS® Auditory Questionnaire (LEAQ-K) in normal hearing (NH) children aged 0 through 24 months, and in children with hearing loss (HL) using hearing aids or cochlear implant for 0 through 24 months after identification of their hearing loss before 24 month of age. Data collection was carried out with onehundred eight NH and thirty one HL children filling out a LEAQ-K. There sults with NH group showed that the total score of LEAQ-K was highly correlated with the chronological age (r = .904), and that age accounted for 82.3% of the total variance of the LEAQ-K score, which indicated LEAQ-K homogeneously measured the age-dependent auditory behavior. The Korean norm curve was highly correlated (r = .995) to the data from the overall sample from Coninx et al.(2009), which implied very good comparability of Koran language specific norm data with the overall sample data. Internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = .96) and reliability (Spearman's split-half coefficient = .93) were very good. The results were true for the HL group using hearing aids or cochlear implant. The rate of auditory development in the HL group was faster than the NH group, especially between 6 through 15 months after exposure to sounds through their hearing assistive devices. The hearing age of the HL group was the only factor that accounted for 73.0% of the total variance of the LEAQ-K total score. The results suggest that LEAQ-K is a reliable and valid tool for assessing auditory skills of young children with and without hearing loss.
The purpose of this paper was to review the theoretical background and various approaches to use of the Ling 6 sound test, and to suggest an appropriate application method in Korea. Methods: The definition and history of the Ling 6 sound test and phonetic information about the six sounds used in the test, in English and Korean, were reviewed separately with related research. The information for the administration and variation of the original Ling 6 sound test, and application of those sounds in aural rehabilitation programs for infants and toddlers were provided. Results: The Ling 6 sounds have been widely used as a fast and easy assessment tool to examine the speech perception ability and provide validate information regarding the accessibility to speech frequencies, especially in very young children. Thus it has been recommended for parents conduct every day in order to check the function of the device or hearing status of their children. Conclusion: The Ling 6 sound test is useful and can be used regardless of type of hearing device and degree of hearing loss. The information in this paper will be able to provide comprehensive information about the Ling 6 sound test to the experts working with hearing impaired children.
This study was designed to extracts from Orostachys japonicas were investigated to assess anti-oxidation and biological activity. Phenolic content was maximum of 10.56±0.32 mg/g when extracted with 50% ethanol. In anti-oxidative activity, Orostachys japonicus electric donating activity was higher than 80% in both water and ethanol extract at 200 µg/mL. 2,2'-Azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical cation decolorization of both water and ethanol extract was higher than 95.0% but antioxidant protection factor of water extract was higher than ethanol extract. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substance of ethanol extract was higher than water extract. For antihypertensive effect determination, angiotesin converting enzyme of water and ethanol extract showed 6.67 and 7.98% each at 200 µg/mL. Ethanol extract of 200 µg/mL showed xanthin oxidase inhibitory effect of 60.85% but was not shown with water extract. Orostachys japonicus ethanol extract showed higher tyrosinase inhibitory activity of 64.59% which was higher than kojic acid of control indicating higher whitening effect. In anti-wrinkle effect, ethanol extract at 50-200 µg/mL showed collagenase inhibitory effect of 75.95-85.02% which was higher than 68.91-76.64% of epigallocatechin-gallate of control group. 50% ethanol extract showed higher elastase inhibitory activity than water extract. Therefore, Orostachys japonicus extracts were identified to have high antiwrinkle effect. These results identify anti-oxidative activity, gout prevention, whitening effect, and anti-wrinkle effect which indicate the possibility as a source for functional material.
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