We examined chemical changes in oysters Crassostrea gigas and packing water that were sold after storage at 5, 10, and 20°C. The pH of oysters stored at 5°C dropped to 5.81 after 10 days of storage, while that of oysters at 10°C and 20°C dropped to 5.37 after 8 days and to 5.04 after 4 days, respectively. The glycogen content of oysters stored at 5°C decreased from 718.89 to 421.85 mg/100g during storage, while that of oysters at 10°C decreased to 351.49 mg/100 g after 4 days. The turbidity and soluble protein in packing water increased slightly. The viable cell count of oysters did not exceed 6 log CFU/g after 10 days of storage at 5°C, but that of oysters at 10°C did so after 8 days. Additionally, the viable cell count of packing water was lower than that of oysters. We performed a principal component analysis, where the first principal component (55.03%-57.24%) and second principal component (42.76%-44.97%) described most variation. The first principal component included the pH of oysters and packing water, and the glycogen content of oysters. A Pearson correlation between the first two principal components had a higher R value than that between other components. Freshness was evaluated using the pH of oysters and packing water, and glycogen. We found that soluble protein content was significantly associated with a lower pH and glycogen content.
The phenolic contents which were extracted with water and 70% ethanol from O. undulatifolius were 7.7, 10.1 mg/g, respectively. The 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl free radical scavenging activity of water and ethanol extracts were 78, 82% at 50 μg/mL phenolics, respectively. The 2,2'-Azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical cation decolorization activity were 92, 76% at 100 μg/mL phenolics. Antioxidant protection factor in water and ethanol extracts at 200 μg/mL phenolics were 1.51 and 2.08 PF, respectively. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substance were 84% in water extracts and 99% in ethanol extracts at 50 μg/mL phenolics, respectively. The inhibition activity on α-Glucosidase was 44% in ethanol extracts at 200 μg/mL phenolics. The inhibition activity on α-amylase was 37-88% in water extracts at 50-200 μg/mL phenolics. The tyrosinase inhibition activity as whitening effect were 82% in ethanol extracts. The elastase inhibition activity were 4, 61% in water and ethanol extracts, respectively. The collagenase inhibition activity of antiwrinkle effect showed an excellent wrinkle improvement effect as 39% in water extracts and 67% in ethanol extracts at 200 μg/mL phenolics, respectively. The hyaluronidase inhibition activity as anti-inflammation effect of ethanol extracts was confirmed to 46% of inhibition at 200 μg/mL phenolic. The astringent effect of water and ethanol extracts was confirmed to 13, 32% of effect at 200 μg/ mL phenolic, respectively.
This study aimed to investigate the beauty food activities of wild-cultivated ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer). wild-cultivated ginseng extracts were analyzed for antioxidant, skin whitening, anti-wrinkle effect was measured in water and 70% ethanol extract. The 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging and 2,2'-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical decolorization activities of water and 70% ethanol extracts were 16.69 and 2.18% as well as 4.04 and 3.25% at a solid content of 200 µg/mL, respectively. The antioxidant protection factors (PF) of water and 70% ethanol extracts at a solid content of 200 µg/mL were 1.06 PF and 1.09 PF, respectively. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARs) were both 96% at a solid content of 200 µg/mL. As PF and TBARs showed higher activity than DPPH and ABTS, we could know that antioxidant activity in the lipophilic component of wood-cultivated ginseng were superior to water-soluble component of wood-cultivated ginseng. Tyrosinase inhibitory activity was 10.97 and 52.39% in water and 70% ethanol extracts at a solid content of 200 µg/mL. The collagenase and elastase inhibitory activities as anti-wrinkle effect were 15.71 and 20.43% in water extracts as well as 32.26 and 86.74% in 70% ethanol extract at a solid content of 200 µg/mL. The results show that anti-wrinkle effect was the best among the other experiments. This extracts from wood-cultivated ginseng, therefore, seems to be a potent beauty food resource against wrinkles.
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