Objective: The present study examined the direct and indirect effects of mother's distinct parenting profiles on the development of children's social skills, mediated by the children's effortful control. Methods: Maternal parenting styles were measured by a self-rated questionnaire. Children's effortful control was assessed using behavioral tasks, namely the Red-Green Sign task and the Head-Toes-Knees-Shoulders task. Children's social skills were measured through a teacher-rated questionnaire. Results: Latent profile analyses based on the eleven parenting dimensions demonstrated three distinct parenting profiles: supportive (38.6%), controlling (39.4%), and inconsistent (22.0%). Compared to the inconsistent parenting profile, the supportive and controlling parenting profiles were directly associated with higher levels of children's social skills and indirectly associated through higher level of their effortful control. There was no significant difference between the supportive and controlling parenting profiles. Conclusion: The parenting profiles are linked with children's social skills directly and indirectly through their effortful control. These findings suggest that mothers' parenting practices in early childhood, especially inductive discipline (e.g. reasoning and reminding of rules), are essential factors to enhance children's effortful control and social skills.
Objectives: This study aimed to develop and validate the Maternal Overprotection Scale to measure the degree of maternal overprotective behaviors in child-rearing.Methods: There were two parts in this study. In Study 1, the items and scale development was conducted and in Study 2, the scale evaluation was conducted. In Study 1, the sample consisted of 262 mothers with young children aged from five to six years. Mothers rated themselves on the degree of their overprotecting behaviors carried toward their children. The scale initially comprised 45 items, and it ended up with 18 items based on exploratory factor analysis and exploratory structural equation modeling. In Study 2, the data of additional 197 mothers who responded to these items were analyzed by means of confirmatory factor analysis and correlation analysis.Results: In Study 1, the exploratory factor analysis and exploratory structural equation modeling of the scale identified three sub-scale factors: Intrusive Control (eight items), Permissive Indulgence (four items), and Anxious Protection (six items). In Study 2, the Cronbach’s α values ranged from .70 to .85, showing appropriate levels of internal consistency. The cross-validation was established using different samples. The concurrent validity was confirmed by the association with a maternal parenting attitude measured by the Parenting Dimensions Questionnaire (PBDQ).Conclusion: The Maternal Overprotection Scale reliably and accurately measured degrees of overprotective maternal parenting with young children. This scale can be used as a tool for estimating individual differences in mothers’ overprotection for their young children, as well as correlations with other aspects of development.
Objectives: This study examines the changes in children’s daily lives and experiences caused by the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Further, it discusses the effects of changes in children’s daily lives and mother’s concerns regarding COVID-19 on mothers’ parenting stress during the pandemic.Methods: A survey were conducted on the mothers of 3-to 5-year-old children through an online community site for mothers. A total of 219 mothers clarified their children’s daily lifestyles before and after the outbreak of COVID-19, their concerns regarding infection, and the pandemic’s effect on maternal parenting stress. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, correlational analysis, and multiple regressions analysis.Results: The COVID-19 pandemic has caused some changes in children’s daily lifestyles, such as their sleeping habits (going-to-bed time, wake-up time, ease of falling asleep, and waking up in the middle of sleep), eating (mealtime regularity and instant food use), and main caregivers at home. Delays in their children’s wake-up times and remaining the main daytime caregivers decreased mothers’ parenting stress, whereas reductions in children’s quality of sleep in terms of difficulty in falling asleep and waking up in the middle of sleep, and mothers’ concern regarding COVID-19 infection increased mother’s parenting stress.Conclusion: The COVID-19 pandemic caused some changes to children’s daily lifestyles and maternal concern regarding infection, which significantly affected maternal parenting stress. However, there are many children whose daily lives have not been significantly affected. Further study is required to examine short term as well as long term effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on children’s development.
This two-wave study examined changes in kindergarteners' friendship patterns and their associations with emotion regulation and parental involvement in friendship management. Methods: Participants were 275 5-year-old children (138 girls and 137 boys) attending kindergartens in Korea. Utilizing nomination methods, each child identified three children as his/ her friends twice in 5 months. Teachers rated the children's emotion regulation and mothers rated their involvement with children. The data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, t-tests, and logistic regressions. Results: Children were classified into five groups according to their friendship stability in 5 months; stable, fluid, gain, loss, friendless. Kindergarteners with higher emotion regulation were more likely to belong to stable, fluid, gain and loss friendship groups than the friendless kindergarteners. Children whose mothers reported higher mediation and supervision in children's friendship establishment were more likely to belong to the friendship gain group than the friendless group. Children whose mothers expressed higher levels of concerns and advice to children were more likely to be in the fluid group than the gain one. Conclusion: Children's dispositions to control emotions and the mothers' involvement in children's making friends facilitate children's maintenance or making friendships.
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