Pteroceltis tatarinowii Maxim. (Ulmaceae) , a tertiary relict plant of a temperate deciduous tree species endemic to China, is widely distributed in bare limestone mountains across the mainland in China. The bark (phloem fiber) of this plant has long since been used as the sole raw material for manufacturing Chinese traditional Xuan Paper. However, the species are subject to many threats due to its distribution pattern characterized by small patches; its decreasing population size resulted from overexploitation, and reduction of the original forest ecosystem. Thus, it has now been listed as a rare and endangered plant (National Grand III) in China. Using inter鄄simple sequence repeat markers, the genetic diversity and structure of 628 individuals from 27 populations of P. tatarinowii were detected. A total of 66 bands, of which 63 were polymorphic, were presented from the 8 selected primers screening across all samples, with the percentage of polymorphic bands up to 95. 45%. The result of POPGENE revealed quite high level genetic diversity for the plant at the species level (PPB = 95. 45% ,Ao = 1. 9545,Ae = 1. 5729,He = 0. 3335,I = 0. 4980). At the population level, TS population from Gansu harbored the highest genetic diversity (PPB =
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