Pteroceltis tatarinowii Maxim. (Ulmaceae) , a tertiary relict plant of a temperate deciduous tree species endemic to China, is widely distributed in bare limestone mountains across the mainland in China. The bark (phloem fiber) of this plant has long since been used as the sole raw material for manufacturing Chinese traditional Xuan Paper. However, the species are subject to many threats due to its distribution pattern characterized by small patches; its decreasing population size resulted from overexploitation, and reduction of the original forest ecosystem. Thus, it has now been listed as a rare and endangered plant (National Grand III) in China. Using inter鄄simple sequence repeat markers, the genetic diversity and structure of 628 individuals from 27 populations of P. tatarinowii were detected. A total of 66 bands, of which 63 were polymorphic, were presented from the 8 selected primers screening across all samples, with the percentage of polymorphic bands up to 95. 45%. The result of POPGENE revealed quite high level genetic diversity for the plant at the species level (PPB = 95. 45% ,Ao = 1. 9545,Ae = 1. 5729,He = 0. 3335,I = 0. 4980). At the population level, TS population from Gansu harbored the highest genetic diversity (PPB =
Sedentary polychaetes are conspicuous with numerous species in marine environments. They can also be a major component of fouling communities. As fouling organisms, they can be divided into four families (Serpulidae, Spirorbidae, Sabellidae and Terebllidae) with a total of 55 species identified, of which the dominant species are Hydroides elegans, H. ezoensis, H. diramphus, H. norvegicus, H. operculatus, Pomatoleios kraussii, Serpula vermicularis, Spirobranchus polytrema, S. tetraceros, Ficopomatus enigmaticus and Thelepus cincinnatus. Sedentary polychaetes usually live in tubes, which they themselves secrete. Tubes are either attached to surfaces or to each other forming tangled batches; such tubes are difficult to remove even when the occupying worms have died. Their larvae can settle on various underwater man鄄made substrata, and post-settlement tube growth may cause serious impairment problems such as adding weight to buoys, decreasing ship speed (more fuel consumption, so increasing CO 2 emission) , blocking seawater pipelines and aquaculture nets. Fouling sedentary polychaetes are widely distributed in tropical, subtropical and temperate waters. However, they are not homogeneously distributed over the different biogeographical regions. In the Pacific Ocean the common species are Hydroides elegans, H. ezoensis, H. centrospina, H. longistylairs, H. multispinosa, H. prisca, Serpula cf. hartmanae and S. tetratropia. Whereas Ficopomatus uschakovi, Hydroides heterocerus, H. minax and Spirobranchus semperi are only found in the Indian Ocean and Hydroides brachyacanthus, Serpula concharum, Spirobranchus lamarcki and Pseudovermilia
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