The paper considers the method of the mini tractor moving when skidding timber harvested during increment thinning. We analyzed the stand’s horizontal structure formed as a result of intraspecific competition, as well as the partnership relations of the trees forming microgroups, the distance between which is less than the average distance between trees in the stand. The structure and parameters of the most typical microgroups that form stands were also observed. This allows choosing a route for a mini tractor and successfully moving it between microgroups, where the distance between trees is larger than the average distance in the stand. The article shows an analysis of the mutual arrangement of the mini tractor and trees of the neighboring microgroups, in which the passage of the mini tractor with a trailed device causes significant damage risks to trees. Based on the analysis, the maneuvering algorithm for this transport system is designed and the restrictions on its entry into the target between the trees are formulated. It is shown that the entry of a mini-tractor into the target between the trees at a right angle provides the best conditions for crossing this area. The minimum turning radius of the transport system, comprising a mini-tractor with a trailed device, when moving under the stand canopy should be less than the radius of the majority of the microgroups that form the stand. The calculation of the strip width required for the passage of a mini-tractor with a trailed device when skidding logs with length 2–6 m in the case of increment thinning in stands of the Ia, I, II and III quality classes with thinning up to the relative density of 0.7. The paper shows the possibility of substantiating the length of logs when carrying out an increment thinning depending on the quality class and age of the stand. It is found that the mini tractor parameters and the logs length correspond to the formed stand density, ensuring the smooth maneuvering of the mini tractor with a trailed device when moving under the stand canopy. Guidelines for correcting the route when the width of the required strip is larger than the average distance between trees in the resulting stand are given. Acknowledgments: The article is based on the results of work on the topic “Ecological Aspects of Sustainable Nature Management” (state registration No. FEUG-2020-0013). For citation: Gerts E.F., Mekhrentsev A.V., Terinov N.N., Urazova A.F. Substantiation of the Technological Process Parameters of Wood Skidding with a Mini Tractor in Increment Thinning. Lesnoy Zhurnal = Russian Forestry Journal, 2022, no. 6, pp. 126–138. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.37482/0536-1036-2022-6-126-138
The method of intensification of forestry by means of integrated mechanization of forestry and logging operations is considered. It is proposed to use manipulator-type machines, such as harvesters, forwarders and excavators, as a technical basis. Improving the efficiency of manipulator-type machines can be achieved through using a set of optional interchangeable equipment. This will allow to create crops by planting seedlings with open and closed root systems, to carry out soil cultivation, seed sowing, thinning of young plants and to carry out pest control, mulching of skidding tracks after major work in the logging site, as well as earthworks during the construction of forest roads. The use of optional interchangeable equipment transforms a manipulator-type machine into a multifunctional machine. It has been shown that the purchase of optional equipment for forestry and logging is a cost-effective investment even for a small amount of works. Intensive forestry is primarily based on the measures of mature and overmature stands cutting, forest tending, and reforestation. Several technological schemes with the use of the multifunctional machine for felling both in the harvester and feller buncher modes are offered. In the latter option, tree length bucking and branch pruning ensure the concentration of all logging residues at the upper depot and create favorable conditions for their processing into raw material for biofuel production and reduce woodwaste in cutting areas. An option of using small size equipment for hauling trees into the area of operation of a multifunctional machine with an installed harvester head is offered when performing selective felling using wide-strip technology of harvesting. Preliminary preparation of the cutting area with small sized equipment (harvesting of small-sized, dead and fallen trees) is proposed. This will significantly reduce the damage to plantation components and provide a greater degree of preservation of the natural environment during the main work of the multifunctional machine. Its use in the most favorable terms due to the work execution on a quarter-block scheme, reducing the number of downtime due to naturalproduction conditions and the number of relocations and, accordingly, increasing the number of machine hours, will minimize total costs of the range of forestry and harvesting works.
Рассмотрены различные варианты организации рубок ухода при разрубке лент, недосягаемых для манипулятора харвестера с пасечных волоков, при широкопасечной технологии слабой интенсивности с применением бензомоторной пилы и мини-трактора. Предложены три альтернативных варианта организации работ. Первый, при котором один рабочий выполняет все необходимые операции бензомоторной пилой, а второй, управляя мини-трактором, осуществляет подбор лесоматериалов, их погрузку и подтрелевку к пасечному волоку. Второй, предполагающий выполнение одним рабочим всего комплекса работ с использованием бензомоторной пилы и мини-трактора поочередно в необходимой последовательности при работе с каждым вырубаемым деревом. Третий, при котором рабочие выполняют операции совместно, помогая друг другу. В качестве оценочных критериев рассмотрены комплексная выработка, риски повреждения компонентов формируемого древостоя и снижение нагрузки на отдельные группы мышц рабочего за счет исключения однообразных и монотонных движений. Установлено, что снижение комплексной выработки в результате снижения коэффициента использования оборудования при выполнении всего комплекса операций с применением бензомоторной пилы и мини-трактора одним рабочим частично компенсируется за счет сокращения затрат времени на переходы между деревьями. Рекомендованы варианты организации работ для рубок очень слабой и слабой интенсивности, также для вырубки семенных деревьев, выполнивших свои функции. Various options for organizing thinning cuttings when cutting strips inaccessible to the harvester manipulator from apiary trails with wide apiary technology of low intensity using a gasoline-powered saw and a mini tractor are considered. Three alternative options for the organization of work are proposed. The fi rst, in which one worker performs all the necessary operations with a gasoline-powered saw, and the second, driving a mini-tractor, selects timber, loads them and skids to the apiary portage. The second one involves the execution of the entire complex of works by one worker using a gasoline-powered saw and a mini tractor in turn in the required sequence when working with each cut down tree. The third is in which workers perform operations jointly, helping each other. As evaluation criteria, complex development, risks of damage to the components of the formed forest stand and reduction of the load on individual muscle groups of the worker due to the exclusion of monotonous and monotonous movements are considered. It has been established that the decrease in integrated output, as a result of a decrease in the equipment utilization rate, when performing the entire range of operations using a gasoline-powered saw and a mini tractor by one worker, is partially compensated by reducing the time spent on transitions between trees. Options for organizing work for felling of very low and low intensity, as well as for cutting down seed trees that have fulfi lled their functions, are recommended.
Рассмотрена возможность реализации проходных рубок в сосняка 40, 60 и 80 лет валочно-пакетирующей машиной (ВПМ) с грузонесущим манипулятором типа ЛП-19. Рассмотрена возможность изреживания нормальных древостоев ВПМ на 20 %. Обеспечение доступности деревьев, назначенных в рубку, и возможность их беспрепятственного выноса к месту укладки достигаются за счет сокращения расстояния между рабочими стоянками и сокращения ширины разрабатываемой ленты. При сокращении расстояния между стоянками увеличивается кратность обработки отдельных участков полулент, а сокращение ширины разрабатываемой ленты за счет наиболее удаленных ее зон с наименьшей кратностью обработки увеличивает общую кратность обработки полулент и, соответственно, доступность деревьев, отведенных в рубку. Приведены значения расстояний между рабочими позициями и ширины лент, обеспечивающие достаточную доступность деревьев, назначенных в рубку, по всей площади разрабатываемой ленты для рассматриваемых древостоев. The article discusses the possibility of implementation of cross-cutting felling in a pine forest of 40, 60 and 80 years old feller-buncher (VPM) with a load-carrying manipulator of the LP-19 type. The possibility of thinning normal IPM stands by 20 % is considered. Ensuring the accessibility of trees assigned to the felling and the possibility of their unimpeded removal to the place of laying is achieved by reducing the distance between working stations and reducing the width of the belt being developed. With a reduction in the distance between sites, the frequency of processing of individual sections of semi-belts increases, and a reduction in the width of the belt being developed due to its most remote zones with the lowest frequency of processing increases the total frequency of processing of half-belts and, accordingly, the availability of trees allocated to the felling. The values of the distances between the working positions and the width of the bands are given, which ensure suffi cient accessibility of the trees assigned to the felling over the entire area of the belt being developed for the stands under consideration.
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