The paper considers the method of the mini tractor moving when skidding timber harvested during increment thinning. We analyzed the stand’s horizontal structure formed as a result of intraspecific competition, as well as the partnership relations of the trees forming microgroups, the distance between which is less than the average distance between trees in the stand. The structure and parameters of the most typical microgroups that form stands were also observed. This allows choosing a route for a mini tractor and successfully moving it between microgroups, where the distance between trees is larger than the average distance in the stand. The article shows an analysis of the mutual arrangement of the mini tractor and trees of the neighboring microgroups, in which the passage of the mini tractor with a trailed device causes significant damage risks to trees. Based on the analysis, the maneuvering algorithm for this transport system is designed and the restrictions on its entry into the target between the trees are formulated. It is shown that the entry of a mini-tractor into the target between the trees at a right angle provides the best conditions for crossing this area. The minimum turning radius of the transport system, comprising a mini-tractor with a trailed device, when moving under the stand canopy should be less than the radius of the majority of the microgroups that form the stand. The calculation of the strip width required for the passage of a mini-tractor with a trailed device when skidding logs with length 2–6 m in the case of increment thinning in stands of the Ia, I, II and III quality classes with thinning up to the relative density of 0.7. The paper shows the possibility of substantiating the length of logs when carrying out an increment thinning depending on the quality class and age of the stand. It is found that the mini tractor parameters and the logs length correspond to the formed stand density, ensuring the smooth maneuvering of the mini tractor with a trailed device when moving under the stand canopy. Guidelines for correcting the route when the width of the required strip is larger than the average distance between trees in the resulting stand are given. Acknowledgments: The article is based on the results of work on the topic “Ecological Aspects of Sustainable Nature Management” (state registration No. FEUG-2020-0013). For citation: Gerts E.F., Mekhrentsev A.V., Terinov N.N., Urazova A.F. Substantiation of the Technological Process Parameters of Wood Skidding with a Mini Tractor in Increment Thinning. Lesnoy Zhurnal = Russian Forestry Journal, 2022, no. 6, pp. 126–138. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.37482/0536-1036-2022-6-126-138
The method of intensification of forestry by means of integrated mechanization of forestry and logging operations is considered. It is proposed to use manipulator-type machines, such as harvesters, forwarders and excavators, as a technical basis. Improving the efficiency of manipulator-type machines can be achieved through using a set of optional interchangeable equipment. This will allow to create crops by planting seedlings with open and closed root systems, to carry out soil cultivation, seed sowing, thinning of young plants and to carry out pest control, mulching of skidding tracks after major work in the logging site, as well as earthworks during the construction of forest roads. The use of optional interchangeable equipment transforms a manipulator-type machine into a multifunctional machine. It has been shown that the purchase of optional equipment for forestry and logging is a cost-effective investment even for a small amount of works. Intensive forestry is primarily based on the measures of mature and overmature stands cutting, forest tending, and reforestation. Several technological schemes with the use of the multifunctional machine for felling both in the harvester and feller buncher modes are offered. In the latter option, tree length bucking and branch pruning ensure the concentration of all logging residues at the upper depot and create favorable conditions for their processing into raw material for biofuel production and reduce woodwaste in cutting areas. An option of using small size equipment for hauling trees into the area of operation of a multifunctional machine with an installed harvester head is offered when performing selective felling using wide-strip technology of harvesting. Preliminary preparation of the cutting area with small sized equipment (harvesting of small-sized, dead and fallen trees) is proposed. This will significantly reduce the damage to plantation components and provide a greater degree of preservation of the natural environment during the main work of the multifunctional machine. Its use in the most favorable terms due to the work execution on a quarter-block scheme, reducing the number of downtime due to naturalproduction conditions and the number of relocations and, accordingly, increasing the number of machine hours, will minimize total costs of the range of forestry and harvesting works.
Одним из путей решения задачи уменьшения карбонового следа является формирование модели интенсивного лесопользования путем комплексного освоения лесных ресурсов, включая переход к технологиям с производством нормированного древесного топлива и создание эффективной транспортно-логистической модели. В данной работе рассмотрен проект организационно-технологической модели лесохимического кластера на примере создания кооперационных цепочек по производству высокотехнологической продукции предприятиями лесного сектора экономики в границах Свердловской и Челябинской областей. Использование дровяной древесины, отходов лесоперерабатывающих производств и лесосечных отходов для производства высокотехнологичной продукции существенно повышает экономическую эффективность и экологическую устойчивость лесного комплекса всего региона. Основу лесохимического кластера могут составить предприятия, применяющие в технологическом процессе переработки древесины взрывной автогидролиз. Полученные в результате раствор сахаров и твердая фракция, состоящая из целлюлозы и лигнина, перерабатываются на кормовые дрожжи и нормированное топливо в виде пеллет или прессованного древесного угля. Эти продукты находят широкое применение в сельском хозяйстве и черной металлургии. Древесный уголь в виде порошка добавляется в железную руду при производстве окатышей и может успешно применяться при производстве качественного ковкого чугуна на металлургических предприятиях средней и малой мощности. Применение древесного угля в металлургии повышает качество отечественного металла и снижает углеродный след. One of the ways to solve the problem of reducing the carbon footprint is the formation of an intensive forest management model through integrated development of forest resources, including the transition to technologies with the production of rationed wood fuel and the creation of an effi cient transport and logistics model. In this paper, we consider the project of organizational and technological model of forest chemical cluster on the example of creating cooperative chains for the production of high-tech products by forest sector enterprises within the borders of the Sverdlovsk and Chelyabinsk regions. The use of fi rewood, timber processing waste and forest residues for the production of high-tech products signifi cantly increases the economic effi ciency and environmental sustainability of the forestry complex of the entire region. The basis of the timber-chemical cluster can be formed by the enterprises that use explosive auto-hydrolysis in the technological process of wood processing. The resulting solution of sugars and the solid fraction consisting of cellulose and lignin are processed into fodder yeast and normalized fuel in the form of pellets or pressed charcoal. These products are widely used in agriculture and the iron and steel industry. Charcoal in powder form is added to iron ore in the production of pellets and can be successfully used in the production of quality malleable iron at metallurgical plants of medium and small capacity. The use of charcoal in metallurgy improves the quality of domestic metal and reduces the carbon footprint.
В статье приведены материалы оценки состояния защитных лесных полос (ЗЛП), созданных вдоль железных дорог Свердловской области. Установлено, что общая протяженность исследованных полос составляет 410 км, в том числе на отрытых территориях 234 км и в черте населенных пунктов 176. С использованием метода пробных площадей установлено, что древостои в ЗЛП характеризуются примерно одинаковым возрастом. Средние значения этого показателя варьируют в пределах от 60 до 70 лет. Насаждения лесных полос существенно различаются по показателям санитарного состояния. В удовлетворительном состоянии, без признаков ослабления и потери устойчивости функциониру- ют только 20 % исследованных полос. Насаждения большинства исследованных полос (60 %) относятся к категории ослабленных. Значительной долей (13,3 %) характеризуются ЗЛП с сильно ослабленными насаждениями. Часть исследованных полос (6,7 %) находится на стадии усыхания и потери устойчивости. Лучшими показателями санитарного состояния отличаются насаждения ЗЛП, созданных вдоль железной дороги по направлению Екатеринбург – Красноуфимск, а худшими – насаждения ЗЛП в полосе отвода железной дороги Екатеринбург – Тугулым. Указанные различия санитарного состояния ЗЛП связаны с особенностями их эксплуатации по направлениям железных дорог. Полученные результаты могут быть использованы при определении очередности и объемов хозяйственных мероприятий, направлен- ных на улучшение санитарного состояния ЗЛП, повышение их защитных свойств и устойчивости. The paper presents materials on the estimation of the state of the shelterbelt forests (SFB) created along the railways of the Sverdlovsk Region. It is established, that the total length of the investigated strips makes 410 km, including in the open territories of 234 km and in limits of settlements 176. Using the sample plot method, it was found that the stands in the HFL are characterized by approximately the same age. Average values of this indicator vary from 60 to 70 years. Plantations of forest belts differ signifi cantly in terms of their sanitary condition. Only 20 % of the studied strips are in satisfactory condition, without signs of weakening and loss of stability. Plantations of the majority of studied strips (60 %) belong to the category of weakened ones. A signifi cant proportion (13,3 %) are characterised by heavily weakened zones. Part of the studied strips (6,7 %) is in the stage of desiccation and loss of stability. The best indicators of sanitary condition are revealed by plantations of OZL along the railway in the direction of Yekaterinburg – Krasnoufi msk, and the worst – by plantations of OZL within the right-of-way of the railway Yekaterinburg – Tugulym. The indicated differences in the sanitary state of HLD are connected with the peculiarities of their exploitation along the railway directions. The results obtained can be used in determining the order and scope of economic measures aimed at improving the sanitary condition of FTZs, increasing their protective properties and stability.
В связи с изменением климата существенно возросла актуальность оценки биомассы и углероддепонирующей способности лесов на континентальном и глобальном уровнях. Для этих целей формируются глобальные базы данных о биомассе и первичной продукции деревьев и древостоев как для основного, так и для нижнего яруса. Однако данные о биомассе растений подлесочных видов для лесов России представлены лишь в единичных работах. Целью наших исследований были получение фактических данных о структуре надземной биомассы подлесочных видов, произрастающих в условиях средней и южной тайги Урала, и разработка аллометрических моделей для фракций биомассы. В результате выполненных исследований впервые для лесов Урала получены фактические данные о биомассе и годичном приросте подлеска 9 видов в количестве 102 растений. Предложенные аллометрические модели для фракций надземной биомассы растений подлеска характеризуются высокими показателями адекватности исходным данным на уровне вероятности p < 0,001. Аллометрические модели биомассы и ее годичного прироста дают возможность оперативной оценки биомассы и чистой первичной продукции подлесочных видов на единице площади лесов Урала, а также для оценки вклада нижних ярусов в их углероддепонирующую способность. Due to climate change, the relevance of assessing biomass and carbon depositing capacity of forests at the continental and global levels has signifi cantly increased. For these purposes, global databases on biomass and primary production of trees and stands are being formed, both for the main canopy and for the underwood story. However, data on the biomass of underwood plants for Russian forests are presented only in seldom works. The purpose of our research was to obtain the empirical data on the structure of the aboveground biomass of underwood species growing in the conditions of the middle and southern taiga of the Urals, and to develop allometric models for biomass components. As a result of the performed studies, for the fi rst time in the forests of the Urals, the empirical data on biomass and annual growth of underwood story in the amount of 102 plants of 9 species were obtained. The proposed allometric models for components of aboveground biomass of underwood plants are characterized by high indicators of adequacy of the initial data at the probability level p < 0.001. Allometric models of biomass and its annual increment make it possible to quickly assess the biomass and net primary production of underwood species per unit area of forests in the Urals, as well as to assess the contribution of the underwood story to their carbon depositing capacity. Keywords: underwood story, underwood plant species, aboveground biomass, annual biomass growth, biomass components, allometric model
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