Соя (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) является ведущей культурой среди бобовых и ее востребованность в мире ежегодно растает. Для Казахстана соя является стратегической культурой, так как позволяет снизить дефицит белка в питании людей и животных. Однако урожайность сои в Республике по сравнению с другими странами низкая. Из-за низкой урожайности ее производство становится нерентабельным. Для повышения продуктивности сои применяют минеральные азотные удобрения, что создает опасность для окружающей среды. Решением проблемы повышения урожайности сои является применение биоудобрений на основе клубеньковых бактерий, которые фиксируют азот атмосферы и снабжают им растения. Целью данного исследования было выделение нового штамма клубеньковых бактерий с высокой азотфиксирующей активностью, способного увеличивать всхожесть семян, эффективно образовывать клубеньки на корнях сои, стимулировать рост и повышать урожайностьсои. Из клубеньков на корнях растений сои, собранных на полях Алматинской области Казахстана, выделен высокоэффективный штамм бактерий Bradyrhizobium japonicum Н7, способный образовывать большое количество клубеньков, активно фиксировать молекулярный азот атмосферы, улучшать азотное питание растений и повышать урожайность сои. В полевых условиях установлено, что инокуляция штаммом Н7 увеличивает всхожесть семян сои до 90%, повышает густоту посевов на 26–30%, высоту растений - на 25%, а урожайность - на 9-11 ц/га. Таким образом, штамм клубеньковых бактерий Bradyrhizobium japonicum Н7 можно использовать для создания бактериального удобрения для культуры сои. Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) is the leading crop among legumes and its demand in the world will melt away every year. For Kazakhstan, soybean is a strategic crop, as it allows to reduce the protein deficiency in the nutrition of people and animals. However, soybean productivity in Kazakhstan is low compared to other countries. Due to low yields, its production becomes unprofitable. To increase the productivity of soybeans, mineral nitrogen fertilizers are used, which pose a threat to the environment. The solution to the problem of improving the nitrogen nutrition of soybeans is the use of biofertilizers based on rhizobia, which fix atmospheric nitrogen and supply it to plants. The goal of this study was to isolate a novel strain of rhizobia with high nitrogen-fixing activity, effectively forming nodules on soybean roots, increasing seed germination, promoting growth and increasing soybean productivity. From nodules on the roots of soybean plants collected in the fields of the Almaty region of Kazakhstan, a highly effective strain of rhizobia Bradyrhizobium japonicum H7 was isolated. The strain forms a large number of nodules, actively fixes atmospheric molecular nitrogen, improves nitrogen nutrition of plants and increases soybean yield. Under field conditions, it was found that inoculation with strain H7 increases the germination of soybean seeds up to 90%, seeding density by 26-30%, plant length by 25%, and productivity by 9-11 c/ha. Thus, the rhizobia Bradyrhizobium japonicum H7 can be used to create a bacterial fertilizer for soybean culture.
Oil and oil products adversely affect both the biodiversity of the microorganisms and the soil function. In oil-contaminated soils, unique bacterial communities develop that are adapted to pollution. In this work, the bacterial structure and diversity of the microbial community have been studied in samples of oil-contaminated soils in Kazakhstan deposits using the Illumina MiSeq sequencer. The results of the study showed that the representatives of the following bacterial phyla dominated in the selected soil samples: Proteobacteria, prevailing in oil-contaminated soils (up to 48%), Actinobacteria (up to 29.33%), Firmicutes (up to 25.74%), Bacteroidetes (up to 33.28 %). The representatives of Planctomycetes, Verrucomicrobia, Chloroflexi (0.76%-4.62%) phyla were found in smaller amounts. All the uncontaminated soils were dominated by Micrococcaceae, Flexibacteraceae, Sphingomonadaceae, Planococcaceae, Flavobacteriaceae families, contaminated ones – by Halomonadaceae, Flavobacteriaceae, Alteromonadaceae, Dietziaceae, Pseudomonadaceae, Bacillaceae, Xanthomonadaceae, Anaerolinaceae, Mycobacteriaceae and Peptococcaceae families. At the genus level, samples of uncontaminated and contaminated soils also demonstrated significant diversity. The dominant bacterial genera in the samples of the uncontaminated soil were Hymenobacter, Arthrobacter, Gillisia. In contaminated soils of three deposits the microorganisms of the Halomonas, Marinobacter, Pseudomonas (mostly in 2KO soil sample), Bellilinea and Mycobacterium (mostly Md sample) genera were spread more widely; and a very large population of the microorganisms of the Halomonas genus was found in the contaminated soil sample from the Atyrau region. A comparison of the taxonomic structure of microbial communities of oil-contaminated soils indicates that the composition of the microbial population changes depending on the degree of oil pollution. Samples of uncontaminated background soils were characterized by higher bacterial diversity than samples of contaminated soils. The microorganisms belonging to the dominant phyla were mostly associated with the decomposition of oil hydrocarbons. The characterization of the bacterial communities living in the contaminated soils and the assessment of their ability to decompose oil can potentially be a guide for bioremediation of contaminated soils.
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