The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of probiotic strains of Lactobacillus casei IMV B-7280, Bifidobacterium animalis VKL, B. animalis VKB on the pro-and anti-inflammatory cytokines production in Wistar male rats with monosodium glutamate (MSG)-induced obesity. It was established that neonatal administration of MSG to rats leads to increasing levels of the interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-12, and to decreasing of the IL-4, IL-10 and tumor growth factor (TGF)-β levels in the blood serum. After administration of the B. animalis VKL -B. animalis VKB -L. casei IMV B-7280 composition to obese rats the level of the IL-1β in blood serum wasn't differ from that in the obese rats, that didn't receive of the probiotic bacteria. But there was no statistically significant difference comparing with intact rats. The level of the IL-12B p40 in blood serum was decreased under influence of the B. animalis VKL -B. animalis VKB -L. casei IMV B-7280 composition (18.9 %, p < 0.05) and B. animalis VKL (10.5 %, p < 0.05) compared with obese rats, not receiving probiotic bacteria, but remained higher than in intact animals. After administration to obese rats of the B. animalis VKL -B. animalis VKB -L. casei IMV B-7280 composition the levels of the IL-4, IL-
The enteric nervous system (ENS) and a glutamate receptor (GluR), N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR), participate in gastric acid secretion (GAS) regulation. NMDARs are localized in different stomach cells; however, knowledge of NMDAR expression and function in the ENS is limited. In the present study, we clarified the types of stomach cells that express the NMDARs that are involved in GAS regulation. The pharmacological method of isolated stomach perfusion by Ghosh and Shild combined with direct mapping of NMDARs by fluorescence microscopy in the rat stomach was employed. By immunofluorescence labeling with an anti-NMDA-NR1 antibody, NMDARs were found to be highly expressed in nerve cells of the submucosal and myenteric plexuses in the stomach. The exact localization of the NMDARs relevant to GAS and its mechanism of action were determined by stimulating different receptors of neuronal and stomach cells using specific secretagogues for NMDA and by selectively blocking those receptors. NMDARs relevant to GAS stimulation are mainly localized in cholinergic interneurons; however, all of the nerve cells of the submucosal ganglia are involved in the stimulating process. In addition, the NMDARs in parietal cells are involved in gastric acid inhibition via influencing H2-histamine receptors.
New anamorph genus Pseudonadsoniella of dark brown yeast-like fungi similar to the genus Nadsoniella in having very slow growth in culture on all nutrient media but differing in showing better development of ‘colony-like formations’ on Saburo agar medium and potato sections as well as showing a phylogenetic affiliation to the family Meripilaceae (Polyporales, Agaricomycotina) after phylogenetic analysis based on ITS nrDNA sequences is described. The new species Pseudonadsoniella brunnea from Antarctic, Argentina, Galindez Island, is described and illustrated.
The position of some species groups appeared to be polyphyletic genera Rigidoporus, Physisporinus and Phaeococcomyces after ITS nrDNA sequences is discussed. Corrections to identification of some specimens of the genera Phlebia, Elmerina, Physisporinus are provided.
Nomenclature of Issatschenko’s species Nadsoniella nigra and its two infraspecific taxa as well as type and voucher confusion of these taxa in molecular study of the members of the genus Exophiala is discussed. It is shown that the anamorph fungus Exophiala sp. CBS 546.82 (VKM F-2137 or ‘voucher Ruban’s strain 365’), hitherto incorrectly recorded as Nadsoniella nigra var. hesuelica (nom. inval.), is a taxon still waiting for describing.
The conclusion that the original Issatschenko’s collection of Nadsoniella nigra (type strain CBS 535.94) and status of the strain Exophiala sp. CBS 546.82 are in urgent need of the modern revision/re-examination is done.
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