Современное состояние рынка овощных корнеплодов в РФ и пути решения проблемы продовольственной безопасности РЕЗЮМЕ Актуальность, методы. Среди овощных культур особую популярность у населения как в РФ, так и за рубежом, имеют столовые корнеплоды: морковь, свекла столовая, редис, репа и пастернак, которые являются источниками разнообразных витаминов и БАВ. Значительную долю в структуре производства и посевных площадей занимают морковь и свекла столовая. Согласно данным FAOSTAT в 2018 году в РФ произведено 1508 тыс. т моркови и 837 тыс. т свеклы столовой, что составляет 60% и 30% соответственно от существующих потребностей, даже импорт этой продукции не позволяет полностью их удовлетворить. Исходя из стратегии продовольственной безопасности для повышения обеспеченности населения отечественной продукцией необходимо не только увеличение посевных площадей, но и быстрое внедрение сортов и гибридов F1 отечественной селекции, отвечающих требованиям промышленных технологий. Результаты. С учетом этих требований селекционерами ФГБНУ ФНЦО, с использованием классических и современных методов, способствующих ускорению селекционного процесса, созданы сорта и гибриды столовых корнеплодов. Морковь столовая: F1 Надежда (сортотип Нантская), F1 Риф (сортотип Шантенэ) с урожайностью более 90 т/га, высокой выровненностью, сохранностью 95-98%, групповой устойчивостью к болезням хранения, сорт Маргоша (сортотип Нантская / Берликум) со стабильной урожайностью до 90 т/га, высокой экологической пластичностью. Одно-двусемянные сорта свеклы столовой: Бордо односемянная, Любава, Гаспадыня, с уровнем товарности 95-98%, с интенсивно окрашенной мякотью без четко выраженных колец. Репа японская Гейша и Снегурочка со съедобными листьями и сочной нежной мякотью корнеплода и ультраскороспелые формы Сапфир, Бирюза и Селекта для проточной гидропоники; скороспелые сорта редиса Ария, Соната, Миф и Мавр, устойчивые к стеблеванию и высоким содержанием аскорбиновой кислоты. Ключевые слова: продовольственная безопасность, импортозамещение, товарная продукция, столовые корнеплоды, направления селекции, сорт, гибрид.
Vegetable root plants is a valuable, essential components of a balanced diet person. The basis of the modern methodology of breeding work on root crops is to meet the requirements of the market, so the breeders are faced with the task of creating varieties and hybrids of root crops with an attractive appearance and a sufficiently high nutritional value, suitable for new technologies of cultivation and processing. The regular meeting of the methodical Commission of the edible plants in the FSBSI Federal Scientific Vegetable Center in the framework of the international scientific-practical conference "Methodology of selection and seed growing of vegetable root plants." The conference was attended by scientists, breeders, seed growers, experts from Russia and CIS countries. The participants of the conference exchanged information on the achievements, development and application of various methodological approaches in the selection and seed production of vegetable root plants, contributing to the creation and introduction of domestic competitive varieties and hybrids, which will solve the problem of import substitution. The need to create a new source material on the basis of the collections of recent years for breeding on technology, alignment of the external parameters of varieties and hybrids of all vegetable root plants, as well as to improve the methods of seed production, especially for the reproduction of seeds of higher categories and lines of hybrids. The changed scientific and technological conditions of conducting the selection and seed-growing process require improving the efficiency of breeding development, the complexity of selection and genetic research, the use of biotechnological methods, MAS technologies, phytotrons, greenhouses and other facilities to accelerate the selection process.
Relevance. It was to study the variability of the degree of defeat of promising varieties of table carrots by diseases of various etiologies during storage for several years, to determine the level of their polymorphism based on resistance to various types of pathogens and the effectiveness of selection based on an individual immunological assessment of uterine root crops.Materials and methods. The experimental part of the work was performed in 2017-2020 at the FSBSI "Federal Scientific Vegetable Center" with carrot varietal populations of Margosha and Minor. The identification of the species composition of pathogens, the degree of damage, and the level of resistance of variety specimens were carried out in accordance with appropriate methods and determinants. For the immunological assessment of the resistance of carrot cultivars in vitro, the most virulent isolates of different types of fungi were used from the collection of the Laboratory of Immunity and Plant Protection of the Federal Center for Scientific Research.Results. It was established that in the populations of Margosha and Minor under natural storage conditions, the ratio and degree of spread of economically significant diseases differ significantly in different years. Based on an in vitro immunological assessment, a high polymorphism of the individual resistance of genotypes within both populations to the majority of micromycetes was revealed and the most resistant forms to the most dangerous types of pathogens were identified. Immunological analysis of the resulting offspring confirmed the high efficiency of group selection based on a comprehensive assessment of the stability of individual uterine root crops in vivo and in vitro.
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