The article presents the main biologic and economic advantages of winter barley, shows the main directions of its use in the industrial processing. The article informs about the dynamics of the sown area and productivity of winter barley in Russia, their distribution through Federal Districts. There has been established that the North-Caucasus and Southern Federal Districts are the main winter barley producers with 153.6–245.6 thousand hectares and 131.2–28.7 thousand hectares respectively. The use of great number of seeds of mass reproduction together with low sowing traits significantly reduces productivity and qualitative characteristics of the obtained products. The article gives the analysis of winter barley seed-growing from 2012 to 2017. There has been analyzed data on the amount of original sown (OS-1.2), basic (BS) and reproductive seeds (RS1, RS2, RS3). There has been determined a tendency to an increase in the volume of sown seeds of winter barley in the total area from 54.3 thousand hwt in 2013 up to 74.1 thousand hwt in 2016. The largest amount of sown seeds of the basic seeds (14.1 thousand hwt) took place in 2015, the smallest one (6.3 thousand hwt) occurred in 2017. It was found that the number of reproductive seeds remains high and ranges from 78.8 to 88.5% with an annual reduction in volumes in absolute terms. In this regard, there is a periodical need to update the seeds of the used winter barley varieties. In order to stabilize the winter barley productivity, it is necessary to sow the seeds of varieties recommended for sowing in the Rostov region by the State Commission for Variety Testing.
The current paper has presented the results of the estimation of productivity of the winter wheat varieties ‘Krasa Dona’, ‘Polina’ and ‘Yubiley Dona’ when using liquid complex fertilizers ‘Strada N + Mono Sulfur (S)’, ‘Strada P + Mono Sulfur (S)’ and ‘Diform Silicon-potassium’. The treatment of winter wheat plants was carried out in the form of foliar top-dressings in the stages of tillering and stem extension. The study was carried out on the basis of the FSBSI “Agri- cultural Research Center “Donskoy” in 2019-2020. The trials were laid in the crop rotation of the laboratory for primary seed production and seed study. The purpose was to study the effect of liquid complex fertilizers on the productivity of the studied winter wheat varieties. When using fertilizers for all varieties, there was a tendency to an increase in the density of the productive stand on 18-61 pcs/m2 in comparison with the control. The variety ‘Krasa Dona’ showed the best indicators of the traits ‘number of grains per head’, ‘grain weight per head’ and ‘1000 grain weight’ being fertilized with ‘Strada N + S’ (43 pcs., 2.19 g and 45.7 g) and ‘Diform Silicon-potassium’ (46 pcs., 2.30 g and 46.5 g). The variety ‘Polina’ showed good results after being treated with ‘Strada P + S’ (48 pcs., 2.30 g and 42.1 g) and ‘Diform Silicon-potassium’ (51 pcs., 2.43 g and 42.4 g). The variety ‘Yubiley Dona’ showed the greatest increase of the trait ‘number of grains’ with the fertilizer ‘Diform Silicon-potassium’. The trait ‘1000 grains weight’ had an increase of 2.3 g, and ‘grain weight per head’ was 0.29 g. The treatment with fertilizers did not affect the trait ‘plant height’. The highest productivity of the variety ‘Krasa Dona’ was obtained when being fertilized with ‘Strada N + S’ (9.4 t / ha) and ‘Diforma Silicon-potassium’ (9.5 t/ha); the productivity of the variety ‘Polina’ increased after ‘Strada P + S’ (8.8 t/ha) and ‘Diform Silicon-potassium’ (9.1 t/ha), and the productivity of the variety ‘Yubiley Dona’ increased after ‘Diform Silicon-potassium’ (8.9 t/ha). The maximum economic effect (19080 rubles/ha) with 9.5 t/ha of productivity was obtained from the variety ‘Krasa Dona’ after the treatment with the fertilizer ‘Diform Silicon-potassium’. The experimental results have shown that the use of complex fertilizers has a positive effect on the productivity of winter wheat plants.
Present Russian agriculture tends to increase grain production not only due to increased productivity, but also by improving the quality of seed material. Due to the large number of injured grains in the total amount, their sowing qualities deteriorate, and the future yield decreases. The purpose of the current study is to identify the degree of the effect of seed injury on their sowing qualities. The objects of the research were the winter soft wheat varieties “Aksiniya” and “Lydia” developed in the Agricultural Research Center “Donskoy”. It has been established that it is impossible to obtain high-quality seeds without reducing grain injury during harvesting and post-harvesting processing. Seeds with a damaged hull and partly an embryo can germinate under laboratory conditions. In our trials, laboratory germination of the variety “Aksiniya” ranged from 92 to 99%, and that of the variety “Lydia” varied from 95 to 99%. The field germination rate of injured seeds is much lower than laboratory germination and it was 81 to 92% for the variety “Aksiniya”, and 92% for the variety “Lydia”. This is due to the fact that soil microflora has a negative effect on injured seeds. Seed processing increased a number of injured seeds from 11 to 17% of the total injury after a combine threshing, which resulted in a decrease of the number of sprouts and their dry weight for the variety “Aksiniya” by 7 pieces and 0.13 g; for the variety “Lydia” by 8 pieces and 0.1 g, respectively. The study of the injured seeds of winter soft wheat revealed that sprouts from injured seeds lag behind not only in growth and development, but also form a smaller weight of sprouts compared to the weight of sprouts grown from non-injured seeds. It was established that harvesting equipment injures from 11 to 39% of seeds, and the share of grain processing equipment accounts for 11–17% of injured seeds.
The production of winter wheat varieties, which are characterized by high productivity and sowing qualities of seeds, is one of the ways to improve productivity and gross grain harvest in the region. The current paper has presented data on the productivity, sowing qualities and biological properties of the original seeds of the winter bread wheat varieties ‘Stanichnaya’, ‘Lydia’ and ‘Asket’, grown in the laboratory for primary seed production of the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution “ARC “Donskoy”. The purpose of the research was to study the productivity and sowing qualities of the winter bread wheat varieties. Productivity is the main criterion for the value of a variety. It was found that with an average productivity (5.8 t/ha) of the variety ‘Stanichnaya’, the data by the years of 2018–2020 varied from 5.1 to 7.2 t/ha, and for the variety ‘Asket’, at a similar level of average value, the variation ranged from 5.2 to 6.8 t/ha. There was found that 1000-seed weight depended on the variety and climatic conditions, and not only on the cultivation technology. The leader in this indicator was the variety ‘Stanichnaya’, with an average value (44.5g) of 1000-seed weight. The maximum yield of conditioned seeds during the years of research was identified in the varieties ‘Stanichnaya’ (73.5%) and ‘Lydia’ (72.4%); the minimum was in the variety ‘Asket’ (71.7%). There was noted that the germination energy of the varieties ‘Stanichnaya’, ‘Lidiya’ and ‘Asket’ ranged from 88 to 92%. The difference between germination energy and laboratory germination ranged from 5 to 8%. When determining the intensity of the initial growth, it was found that the maximum values of the sprout length and weight of 100 dry sprouts were identified in the variety ‘Stanichnaya’ (11.0 cm and 0.63 g); the smallest values of these traits were identified in the varieties ‘Lydia’ and ‘Asket’. Field germination varied by the varieties from 73 to 82%, deviations of this trait from laboratory germination ranged from 14 to 23%. Over the years of study, for all studied varieties, the sowing qualities of seeds corresponded to GOST R 52325-2005.
The current paper has presented the data on the organization of primary seed production of spring barley. There has been considered the concept of “primary” seed production, which is based on the individual-family method of selecting families with a two-year estimation of progeny, which allows preserving and identifying varieties according to the most important economic and biological traits and properties. There has been emphasized an importance of using qualified seeds in the preservation of the variety. The purpose of the current study was to evaluate the varietal and sowing qualities of spring barley varieties in the primary links of seed production in the conditions of the Rostov region. The study was carried out in the research crop rotation of the laboratory for primary seed production in 2019–2021. In the study there were used 7 spring barley varieties developed by the FSBSI “ARC “Donskoy”. There was found that the field and laboratory culling in the nurseries for testing a first-year progeny varied from 16.6 to 45.3%; and in the nurseries for testing a second-year progeny it ranged from 13.6 to 33.3%. There was determined that the largest productivity was formed by the varieties ‘Priazovsky 9’ (7.3 t/ha) and ‘Gris’ (7.4 t/ha) in 2019, and by the varieties ‘Gris’ (7.5 and 6.3 t/ha), ‘Fedos’ (8.0 and 6.1 t/ha) and ‘Format’ (7.6 and 6.3 t/ha) in 2020 and 2021. 1000-seed weight of more than 45 g was produced by the varieties ‘Priazovsky 9’, ‘Gris’ and ‘Format’. There was found out that the yield of qualified seeds changed from 73.9% (the variety ‘Shchedry’) to 80.6% (the variety ‘Ratnik’) in 2019, from 70.0% (the variety ‘Shchedry’) to 76.0% (the variety ‘Gris’) in 2020, from 68.1% (the variety ‘Shchedry’) to 78.4% (the variety ‘Format’) in 2021. There was established that the seed material of all spring barley varieties met the requirements of GOST according to the main sowing and varietal indicators, such as seed purity, moisture, germination energy and sowing suitability.
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