The levels of natural background radiation in certain territories of the Russian Federation differ significantly from each other and can vary widely. Most of the population receives radiation doses from natural sources of ionizing radiation from 2 to 4 mSv/year, but in some areas their radiation levels exceed 10 mSv/year. The population of the Russian Federation receives the main collective dose of radiation from natural radiation while living and working in enclosed residential, public and industrial buildings. In them, the levels of ionizing radiation in buildings, as a rule, depend on the level of the radiation background of the territory, which is determined by the geological, geochemical features of the area and its terrain, as well as on the type of building, radioactivity of the building materials used, emanation and exhalation of radon and daughter products of its decay into rooms from the ground and building materials used. The average annual individual doses of ionizing radiation in buildings, with the exception of certain territories, are small, but they can in isolated cases cause somatic and genetic effects in humans. To reduce the likelihood of such consequences in the Russian Federation, a system of legal and organizational provision of radiation safety of the population during the construction and reconstruction of buildings was developed, environmental and hygienic requirements for it were determined.
Introduction. Children’s playgrounds are an integral part of the infrastructure of urban and rural settlements, a place of active recreation and development of children. Analysis of the regulatory framework governing the location and environmental condition of the territory of children’s playgrounds, the order of their operation allowed establishing the absence of a single document that permits to control their content. Material and methods. Sanitary-and-epidemiologic condition of playgrounds were assessed according to their location relative to residential development and roads, the extent of landscaping, the levels of pollution of atmospheric air and soil, the level of gamma radiation, the effective specific activity of natural radionuclides in the sand of the sandbox. Microbiological contamination of soil and sand of sandboxes was estimated by the content of pathogenic microorganisms and worm eggs in them. A total of 82 sites were surveyed: 38 in the historical part of the city and 44 in the areas of the modern development of St. Petersburg. Statistical analysis of the research results was carried out using the program Statistica 8. Results. The emissions of vehicles polluted the air of playgrounds with nitrogen dioxide It was found to be by 3 times higher than the maximum permissible concentrations (MPC) in the Central part of the city and 2 times - in the areas of modern development. The concentrations of lead in the soil exceeded MPC by 5-10 times in the historical part of the city and by 1.1 - 3 MPC in the modern districts, the complex index of soil pollution with Zc accounted for 64-128 and 16-32, respectively. According to sanitary and bacteriological indices, the studied soil samples were classified as “clean”. The specific effective activity of natural radionuclides in samples of sand sandboxes ranged from 46 ± 12 - 320 ± 35 Bq/kg There was common a violation of the integrity of the sites and acts of vandalism. Conclusion. The results of the study convincingly prove the need to create a single regulatory document defining the structure responsible for the choice of the territory for children’s playground, its maintenance, operation of equipment, as well as the rules of control and supervision.
This article presents the review on the monograph “Scientific bases of radiation protection in modern medicine “volume 1” X-ray diagnostics “ by M.I. Balonov, V.Yu. Golikov, A.V. Vodovatov, L.A. Chipiga, I.A. Zvonova, S.A. Kalnitsky, S.S. Sarycheva, I.G. Shatsky, edited by Professor M.I. Balonov. – St.-Petersburg Institute of Radiation Hygiene after prof. P.V. Ramzaev, 2019. Due to the increasing use of ionizing radiation in medicine, implementation of new imaging modalities and equipment, increase of the patient and staff doses, the aspects of their radiation protection are very relevant. The monograph is based on the analysis of data from national and foreign studies, as well as the data from own research conducted in the laboratory of radiation hygiene of medical facilities of the St. Petersburg Research Institute of Radiation Hygiene named after Professor P. V. Ramzayev for almost 20 years. It reflects the current trends in radiation protection for various imaging modalities and it will be useful to a wide range of readers, especially specialists in the field of X-ray diagnostics and radiation hygiene.
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