Neonatal kidney injury is a frequent pathology, especially among premature infants. The search for effective nephroprotection requires the creation of adequate experimental models of nephropathy in newborns. In this study, we explored the development of acute kidney injury (AKI) in neonatal rats during hypoxia or administration of endotoxin. We found that 2-h hypoxia (8% O ) and the intraperitoneal injection of 4 mg·kg lipopolysaccharide (LPS) causes the appearance of AKI markers, such as kidney injury molecule-1 (КIM-1) and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) in the rat urine after 24 and 72 h of exposure. On the other hand, the levels of blood urine nitrogen under the same conditions rise only slightly. The damaging effects of hypoxia and endotoxin were accompanied by histological changes in the renal tissue and a significant decrease in the proliferation marker, (proliferating cell nuclear antigen). It is revealed that 3 h after the introduction of LPS, levels of reactive oxygen species in the kidney were significantly increased, and the injection of the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine afforded protection from AKI, evaluated by urine КIM-1 and NGAL levels. Thus, the simulation of AKI in newborn rat pups can be employed in screening for potential nephroprotective drugs, particularly among antioxidative compounds to be used in neonatology.
An important approach to an early diagnosis of Parkinsons disease (PD) is screening for peripheral biomarkers in patients at the early clinical stage. In this study, we evaluated catecholamine concentration changes in the tear fluid of untreated PD patients as biomarkers. Norepinephrine and dopamine concentrations in the tear fluid of patients were found to increase compared to those in age controls, which was especially pronounced on the side where motor symptoms appeared. On the contrary, the epinephrine concentration in the tear fluid of patients was reduced bilaterally. Since there was no reason to consider the markers found in the clinical stage of PD as markers of the preclinical stage, we additionally studied the tear fluid composition in mouse neurotoxic models of PD preclinical and clinical stages. The norepinephrine concentration in the tear fluid of mice from the clinical stage model was found to be higher than that in controls; in the preclinical stage model, the norepinephrine concentration had a tendency to increase. Therefore, both PD patients and mice from PD preclinical and clinical stage models manifest unidirectional changes in their tear fluid compositions, which may be considered as promising biomarkers for the development of early diagnosis.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.