The aim. The purpose of this study is based on a study of Ukrainian experience in the field of legal regulation of the use and donating of embryos in vitro for research purposes and infertility treatment, analyzing cases of European Court on human rights in this field, to suggest ways to fill the gaps in current legislation of Ukraine and bring it into line with international law. The subject of the research was the legal regulation of donating embryos for scientific research and for the infertility treatment in Ukraine, which is an interesting experience for scientists from other countries, since Ukraine has become a candidate for European Union (EU) membership, and thus the peculiarities of the legal regulation of embryo donation in Ukraine will allow us to identify the positive and negative aspects of embryo donation and the possibility of conducting a comparative analysis with foreign regulation. In Ukraine, donation of gametes and embryos is a procedure according to which donors, with written voluntary consent, provide their reproductive cells-gametes (sperm, oocytes) or embryos for use in other persons within the treatment of infertility. The application of embryo donation is carried out according to medical indications, subject to the presence of written informed voluntary consent of the patients, ensuring the anonymity of the donor and maintaining medical secrecy. The study is based on an interdisciplinary approach to the analysis of the problem of legal protection of the embryo using dialectical, comparative legal, and systemic methods. The research used scientific developments in the field of problems of the legal status of the human embryo, international acts, the legislation of Ukraine, the practice of the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR). Conclusion. The issue of legal protection of intellectual property rights, the object of which is the human genome, tissues or cells, is currently being hotly debated in the world. However, legal approaches to the possibility of patenting such objects can be divided into those that completely deny the patenting of the human genome, as well as other human tissues and cells, and those that cause such a process of certain restrictions of moral, ethical and legal nature, such as for example, the issue of ensuring the confidentiality of information about the person whose materials are being investigated. It seems that in view of the above practice of the ECHR, it would be appropriate to establish the possibility of free use of the results of such research, which would be in the interests of society and science. Donors of embryos in Ukraine can be patients of the in vitro fertilization program, who have unused cryopreserved embryos left in the cryobank after the birth of a child. In case of fertilization of donor oocytes with donor sperm, their transfer into the recipient's uterine cavity or cryopreservation (with subsequent transfer in subsequent cycles) are possible. With the voluntary, informed, written consent of donor patients, these embryos may be used for donation to an infertile patient/recipient couple, as well as unmarried female recipients. Assignment of embryos and embryo-fetal materials to the category of biological material does not mean that they are subject to the rules of property law, but they should be considered as special objects that are under state protection and are in close legal personal connection with the above mentioned persons, who are given the right to determine their future fate within the limits established by law. The right to dispose of embryos for research purposes may be granted by the woman and the man for whom the embryo was created, subject to informed consent and consent to the processing of personal data.
Land in Ukraine can be in private, communal and state ownership. The lands of Ukraine include all lands within its territory, including islands and lands occupied by water bodies, which are divided into categories according to their main purpose. Legal entities may acquire land mainly for use on the rights of lease, sublease, emphyteusis and permanent use, may have agricultural land on the right of lifelong inherited land tenure, the legal regulation of which is currently absent. In Ukraine at this stage, models of organization of relations between business partners are effectively and justifiably used through the creation of a joint holding company in a foreign jurisdiction, which further establishes the company in Ukraine. As a result of the anti-terrorist operation and the occupation of Crimea on the territory of Ukraine, the rights of thousands of people to housing, land and property, including the rights of agricultural land use, were violated. Today, land lease is the main way of doing agribusiness, lease agreements have become an important tool for absorbing weaker competitors or seizing their land. In conditions of slow growth in the cost of rent, agricultural holdings can afford a slightly higher fee, which gives them a significant advantage over farmers. However, the moratorium on land has been lifted in 2020 and the land market in Ukraine will be introduced on July 1, 2021. From this date, agricultural land will be available to individuals, ie the moratorium on the sale of agricultural land will be lifted. As for legal entities, the land market will be open for them only from January 1, 2024.
до питаннЯ про понЯттЯ однорідних виМог у цивільноМу праві ReVISITINg The CONCepT Of CLAIMS' hOMOgeNeITy IN CIVIL LAwБулеца с.Б., доктор юридичних наук, професор, завідувач кафедри цивільного права та процесу юридичного факультету ДВНЗ «Ужгородський національний університет» У статті автором проаналізовано різні проблемні аспекти, які виникають між сторонами під час припинення зобов'язання шляхом зарахування зустрічних однорідних вимог. Дано авторське визначення поняття однорідних вимог. Відомо, що одним із способів припинення зобов'язань є взаємне погашення зустрічних вимог шляхом зарахування (compensatio). Сompensatio (компенсація) в перекладі з латинської означає «урівноваження», «зарахування», «взаємне задоволення (погашення) вимог одних і тих же осіб». Сторони одного договору можуть мати одна до одної претензії за іншими договорами (непогашені грошові борги, невиконані зобов'язання з поставки товарів, надання послуг тощо). Відповідно до статті 601 Цивільного кодексу України сторона має право погасити свій борг, припинити своє зобов'язання за договором, якщо кредитор, зі свого боку, є боржником цієї сторони за іншим договором -зобов'язання припиняється зарахуванням зустрічних однорідних вимог (цесія). Це усуває необхідність зустрічного переміщення однорідних цінностей, які складають предмети взаємних зобов'язань, зменшує ризик сторін, який виникає під час здійснення виконання, а також пов'язані з цим витрати. Зарахування може відбуватися між двома вимогами, які однаково мають своїм предметом грошову суму або певну кількість замінних речей одного роду. Автором враховано і досліджено судову практику Верховного Суду України з цієї проблеми і, відповідно, зроблено висновок, що поняття однорідних вимог має бути розширено. Сьогодні для зарахування вимог необхідне додержання трьох умов: вимоги повинні бути зустрічними, однорідними та такими, строк виконання яких або настав, або визначений моментом предʼявлення вимоги, однак це не відповідає розвитку та вдосконаленню цивільних відносин. Операція із зарахування зустрічних однорідних вимог за своїм змістом не передбачає отримання коштів на рахунок, що не відповідає сучасним тенденціям удосконалення сучасних цивільних відносин. Враховуючи сучасні тенденції розвитку цивільних відносин, дано авторське визначення поняття однорідних вимог.Ключові слова: зарахування, однорідні вимоги, сторони, згода, волевиявлення, свобода, зобов'язання.This article analyzes the various problematic aspects that arise between the parties in terminating a commitment by accounting for counter-homogeneous claims. The author defines the concept of homogeneous requirements. It is known that one way to terminate obligations is to settle counter-claims by compensatio. Compensatio (compensation) in Latin means "equilibrium", "enrollment", "mutual satisfaction (repayment) of the requirements of the same persons". The parties to one contract may have claims against each other for other contracts (outstanding money debts, outstanding obligations for the supply of goods, provision of services, etc.). In ...
In order to examine the object of research, and both to achieve the goal of research and to ensure the completeness, objectivity, reliability and persuasiveness of the results, the author used a set of general and special methods that are peculiar to legal science. In particular, the origin and long historical path of development of certain human rights were studied with the help of the historical method. On the basis of system-structural method there has been formulated the general structure of the study; with the help of dialectical method the author has analyzed the provisions of law and case law on the pecularities of the right to die. The analysis of the legislation of foreign countries has been provided using comparative legal method, which have made it possible to recall their positive experience in terms of analysis of the right to death. This article reveals the scientific approaches of researchers to determine the nature of death, the right to die, the right to a dignified death, to identify features thereof and to provide distinction between them. The paper analyzes ways to protect the right to die. Part of the work is devoted to the analysis of the law enforcement practice of the European Court of Human Rights on the possibility and expediency of the existence of certain criteria for restricting the right to life. Based on the study, it has been concluded that death and the right to die, the right to die and the right to a dignified death are correlated as primary and secondary, i.e., the right to die includes all these concepts. They cannot exist without each other. In different countries they are interpreted differently, but the main feature thereof is the free will of a person, who has an incurable disease, to die. It has been argued that the term right to a dignified death is the most appropriate to use. It has been noted that a significant number of foreign countries provide for the right to die and euthanasia.
The article refers to the institution of contract invalidation as a way of protecting civil rights and interests. In general, the article clarifies the types of invalid contracts based on the content of the dispute, the main features of invalid and disputed transactions, the term for appealing invalid transactions and the grounds that caused the contract to be declared invalid. The problems of the ratio of recognition of the contract as null and void as an independent means of protection of civil rights are considered. The rapid development of market relations requires the stability of contractual structures, which are ensured by their validity. However, due to various reasons, the transaction may be declared invalid. The fact of the existence of shortcomings provided for by the Civil Code of Ukraine is the basis for applying to the court with the demand to cancel the legal decision that arose as a result of the conclusion of the agreement. Within the scope of this article, judicial practice was studied, where from the given examples of court decisions, in some cases, the lack of a unified approach to resolving cases of invalidity of transactions and the application of the consequences of their invalidity is clearly observed, in others, they serve to reinforce the authors' position regarding the application of civil law norms legislation. I. Therefore, in modern conditions, there are many not only theoretical, but also practical problems associated with the unequal application by courts of the same norms of material law when making decisions regarding the invalidity of contracts. Based on the conducted research, the authors come to the conclusion that despite the attention to this issue in the literature, as well as the presence of certain conclusions of higher judicial bodies, for the doctrine of civil law there is no unity in the ratio of non-conclusion and invalidity of contracts.
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