Sires breeding value determination was based on classification daughters at the age of first lactation, studies related to the breeding and genetic aspects of line scoring were limited to animals array scoring at the same age. Considering indisputable importance of linear estimation, existing correlative variability between individual descriptive and complex traits growth with dairy productivity and age-related variability in body parts of conformation development, a study was carried out of evaluation influence level of traits linear classification at the age of first lactation on cow milk productivity of subsequent second and third lactations. While maintaining a positive correlation in further use of cows, reliability of linear estimation by type was confirmed. Studies conducted on the livestock of Ukrainian Black-and- Red-and-White dairy breeds showed positive correlations between evaluation conformation traits and cow milk yield with variability in their direction, degree and reliability, depending on the recorded lactations. First of all, at the age of first lactation, positive correlation coefficients were determined between conformation traits and milk yield amount of cows, which were a significant confirmation of this breeding event use as one of components in the comprehensive determination of dairy cattle breeding value in the world. Next important element in the aspect of correlative variability conformation traits of linear estimation with productivity was the establishment of sufficiently high correlation coefficients between evaluation four complexes of linear traits by 100-score system with milk yield for first lactation within experimental dairy breeds. Positive relationship was, within group traits framework, by estimation of first lactation and milk yield of Ukrainian Black-and- Red-and-White dairy breeds for: dairy type (r=0.502 and 0.447), body (r=0.385 and 0.309), limbs (r=0.129 and 0.154), udder (r=0.404 and 0.383), respectively. Examining the question of whether existing relationship between assessment of group traits of conformation and milk yield amount of cows obtained at the age of first lactation, and between these traits and milk yield for subsequent lactations is preserved, it was found that within compared animals groups of both breeds, separate correlation coefficients received at the age of first lactation, repeated in the second with less force, but at sufficient reliability level. Correlation between indicators of linear estimation group traits of first-calf cows and milk yield for third lactation didn’t repeat level of similar relationships obtained at the age of first and second calving, although a certain pattern of their direction was followed with confirmation reliability of different level. Significant part of descriptive traits of the conformation was associated with milk yield amount for first lactation, as evidenced by reliable correlation coefficients. But they decrease with age, and by data of third lactation such relationship was almost absent. Descriptive traits of conformation, correlated with milk yield at the age of first lactation and repeating these relationships with yield at the second and third, belonged to the traits of dairy-type animals were reliable indicators of cow milking. They included: height, chest width, body depth, angularity, rear width, pelvic limb posture, fore udder attachment, rear udder attachment height and central ligament. Thus, reliable level of positive correlation established between estimation of group traits of linear classification at the age of first lactation and milk yield for the next second and third lactation testified about effectiveness of dairy cattle selection, evaluated by conformation type. Level of correlative variability a part of descriptive traits of the conformation with milk yield of first-calf cows will not be repeated in combination indicators of the same estimation with yield at the age of second and third lactations, which was explained by natural unevenness of age-related variability in body type parts development under genotypic and paratypic factors influence.
Researches were carried out on estimation cows of Ukrainian Black-and-White dairy and Holstein breeds by the method of linear classification in the herd of pedigree farm LLC "Vladana" in Sumy region. When comparing cows of Ukrainian Black-and-White dairy with Holstein, the improving influence sires of Holstein breed on the development of conformation of cows in the herd according to indicators of the linear assessment by 100-point system was found. The difference was based on the group traits of dairy type 1,1 score, legs – 1,3, udder – 1,6 and final score – 1,2. In all comparisons, the difference was highly reliable at P < 0.001. By descriptive traits improvement with a significant difference were observed in height (by 0,3 scores; P < 0,05), body depth (by 0,3 scores; P < 0,05), rump width (by 0,6 scores; P < 0,001), angle of pelvic limbs (by 0,4 scores, P < 0,001), foot angle (by 0,9 scores, P < 0,001), front udder attachment (by 0,4 scores, P < 0,001), central ligament (by 0,8 scores; P < 0,001), udder depth (by 0,9 scores; P < 0,001) and teats length (by 0,3 scores; P < 0.01). Animals of Holstein breed compared to Ukrainian Black-and-White dairy became more narrow-chested (by 0,7 scores; P < 0,001). The identified relationships between linear traits and value of milk yield of first-born cows in the controlled herd were determined the existence of a reliable correlation between estimation both for individual complexes of conformation traits and overall assessment by 100-point classification system (r = 0,198–0,464; P < 0,001). Positive and reliable correlation with milk yield was observed by a number of descriptive traits: height (r = 0,359), body depth (r = 0,384), angularity (r = 0,474), rump width (r = 0,311), posture of pelvic limbs (r = 0,361), foot angle (r = 0,273), front (r = 0,355) and rear udder attachment (r = 0,330), central ligament (r = 0,311), locomotion (r = 0,305). Body condition score was correlated negatively (r = -0,168). Thus, the determined correlations between linear traits of the conformation and milk yield for lactation have been indicated the reliability of selection of cows by conformation type, simultaneously improving milk production. The using sires of Holstein breed during absorbed crossing with Ukrainian Black-and-White dairy breed have been improved linear traits of the conformation type in their offspring. Positive relationship between group and main descriptive linear traits characterizing conformation, and value of milk yield would be facilitated by efficient indirect selection based on the type and productivity.
The aim of our research was to determine the degree of phenotypic consolidation coefficients of bull-sires daughters in the Sumy intra-breed type of Ukrainian Black-and-White dairy breed, estimated by linear traits that characterize the conformation type of cows. The experimental base of research was information on the linear classification of first-calf cows of Sumy intra-breed type of Ukrainian Black-and-White dairy breed in the PE "Burynske" breeding farm in Pidlisnivskyi department of Sumy district. The estimation of the first-calf cows by type was carried out using the method of linear classification by two systems: 9-point, with a linear description of 18 conformation traits and 100-point including four complexes of breeding traits that characterize: dairy type, body, limbs and udder. The coefficients of phenotypic consolidation (K1 and K2) cows of selection groups for linear traits of the conformation were determined according to formulas proposed by Yu. P. Polupan (2005). The level of phenotypic consolidation daughters of bull-sires estimated by group conformation traits indicated that regardless of the origin, phenotypic consolidation coefficients by overall type assessment had a positive value with a wide variability of coefficient K1 from 0.056 to 0.512 and coefficient K2 – from 0.065 to 0.505. Among all estimated by phenotypic consolidation bulls, less consolidated by group linear traits were found sires of Ukrainian Black-and-White dairy breed – Motuzok and Front. Among sires of Holstein breed the best by group traits and overall assessment of the type were: V. Delight (K1 = 0.242-0.334; K2 = 0.247-0.349); D. Capris (K1 = 0.085-0.341; K2 = 0.089-0.348) and Hayes (K1 = 0.071-0.375; K2 = 0.082-0.370). From the sires of Ukrainian Black-and-White dairy breed the Iceberg was the best (К1 = 0.059-0.478; К2 = 0.047-0.472). Magnitude of the degree phenotypic consolidation of descriptive traits of linear estimation daughters of bull-sires, regardless of origin, differed significantly by higher variability in comparison with group traits. Coefficients of phenotypic consolidation calculated by the formula K1, varied according to the bull-sires assessment from -0.434 (teats length of Iceberg daughters) to 0.504 (rump angle of Milliam daughters). The higher variability of phenotypic consolidation coefficients was revealed according to the formula K2, whose level varied from -0.571 (udder depth of Lyubimy's daughters) to 0.546 (angularity of Milliam daughters). By the coefficients of phenotypic consolidation of descriptive traits K1 and K2, there wasn't found no one bull-sire only with positive values. The most consolidated for overwhelming majority of descriptive traits were the bulls-sires of Holstein breed – Lauer, Toprate and Milliam. The highest consolidation of descriptive traits had all daughters of bulls by angularity with the highest number of positive values of coefficients. The presence of a genetic influence of bull-sires on the degree of phenotypic consolidation of the majority of linear traits of daughters with a significant advantage of Holstein producers was established.
Метою цього дослідження було визначення рівня успадковуваності лінійних ознак типу корів української червоно-рябої молочної породи з оцінкою сполученої мінливості між лінійними ознаками і молочною продуктивністю та вивчення впливу фінальної оцінки на ознаки довголіття корів. Рівень успадковуваності групових ознак засвідчив про ефективність масової селекції корів за молочним типом (h2=0,487), розвитком тулуба (h2=0,445), вимені (h2=0,484) та за фінальною оцінкою (h2=0,533). Успадковуваність описових ознак відрізнялася мінливістю у межах від h2=0,112 (кут ратиць) до h2=0,575 (прикріплення передніх часток вимені). Високі коефіцієнти кореляції отримано між групами лінійних ознак, які характеризують молочний тип (r=0,502), тулуб (r=0,488) та вим’я (r=0,537) і величиною надою за 305 днів першої лактації. Майже на такому ж рівні знаходяться коефіцієнти кореляцій між перерахованими групами лінійних ознак та молочним жиром (r=0,455-0,514). Найвищі коефіцієнти кореляції виявлено між фінальною оцінкою та ознаками молочної продуктивності, особливо з надоєм (r=0,568) та виходом молочного жиру (r=0,552). За оцінкою описових ознак, які характеризують екстер’єрний тип корів, тісно і позитивно впливали на величину надою та вихід молочного жиру висота (r=0,382 та 0,331), глибина тулуба (r=0,481 та 0,437), кутастість (r=0,522 та 0,524), ширина заду (r=0,477 та 0,454), переднє прикріплення вимені (r=0,564 та 0,488), прикріплення вимені ззаду (r=0,487 та 0,462), центральна зв’язка (r=0,466 та 0,428) та переміщення (r=0,322 та 0,318). Зв’язок ширини грудей (r=0,133) та нахилу заду (r=0,236) із надоєм та молочним жиром (r=0,155 і 0,212) був позитивним але трохи слабким. За тривалістю життя, господарського використання та лактування корови з фінальною оцінкою «Дуже добре» переважали групи корів з нижчою оцінкою «Добре з плюсом» та «Добре» з різницею, відповідно на 238 і 979, 171 і 932 та 141 і 936 днів (Р<0,05-0,001). За довічним надоєм та виходом молочного жиру група корів з оцінкою «Дуже добре» переважала групи з оцінками «Добре з плюсом» та «Добре» на 6039 і 30693 кг молока та 216,3 і 1161,8 кг молочного (Р<0,001). Існуюча висока додатна кореляція описових лінійних ознак з показниками молочної продуктивності корів та співвідносний зв’язок фінальної оцінки з ознаками довголіття засвідчує прогностичну цінність застосування лінійної класифікації для опосередкованого раннього добору корів з метою підвищення ефективності довічного використання.
The influence of conformation traits that characterize mobility, on the life expectancy of Ukrainian brown dairy cows was investigated: rear legs side view (RLS), rear legs rear view (RLRV), hooves angle (FA), and locomotion (L). The dataset consisted of records about productive and linear traits of 489 cows collected from January 1, 2006 to December 31, 2016. Cows with 1-4 scores for RLS were at higher risk of culling than animals with legs close together estimated at 6-9 scores. Cows with optimal development of the trait were used in the herd much longer compared to groups of animals with an estimate of 1-4 scores on 126-831 days and with estimate of 7-9 scores-on 286-505 days. Cows with the highest classification score of the RLRV were lived on 605 days longer compared to animals with 1 score. The dependence of cows longevity on the condition of FA was evidenced by a significant difference between groups of cows with estimates in 7 and 3 scores, which amounted 312 days. Cows with 9 scores for locomotion (L) were retained for 777 days longer as compared to animals with 1 score. The influence of linear traits characterizing extremities development on the life expectancy of cows of Ukrainian brown dairy cattle can be a predictor of longevity that allows indirect cow selection by type.
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