критериев селекционного отбора форм сои с повышенной заморозкоустойчивостью на основе явления криогенной седиментации цитоколлоидов (обзор) // Масличные культуры.-2019.-Вып. 1 (177).-С. 128-143. Ключевые слова: соя, холодоустойчивость, заморозкоустойчивость, клеточный сок, цитозоль, цитоколлоиды, криогенная коагуляция, криогенная седиментация. Justification of the criteria of soybean selection for increased frost resistance based on the phenomenon of cytocolloids cryogenic sedimentation (review). S.V. Zelentsov, doctor of agriculture E.V. Moshnenko, PhD in biology L.A. Bubnova, researcher
To improve the effectiveness of the soybeans and oil flax breeding, research to improve existing and develop new breeding methods are conducting in all-Russia Research institute of Oil Crops (Krasnodar). One of the improved methods for the soybean breeding, based on the use of sources of complexes of compensatory genes, is the CCG technology, which allows to create varieties with an increased yield of a heterotic level transmitted along the progeny for the entire life cycle of the variety. For the purpose of non-transgenic production of new traits, a theory of polyploid recombination of the genome (TPR) was formulated, which models the mechanism of the natural formation of polymorphism in the centers of origin of cultivated plants. On the basis of this theory, a method of breeding (TPR-technology) has been developed, which makes it possible to obtain recombinant reploids of soybeans and oil flax with an extended spectrum of traits. Of these reploids, the soybean lines with increased sucking force of the roots, providing high drought resistance, were distinguished; cold-resistant soybean lines, which stand in the phase of shoots of freezing to minus 5 °С; lines of oil flax with complete resistance to flax sickness of soil and high resistance to Fusarium; winter-hardy flax lines that withstand winter frosts down to minus 20–23 °С and ripen one and a half months earlier than spring sowings. Another original developed method is the ODCS-technology for isolating and selecting soybean genotypes with high resistance to fungal pathogens. The physiological basis of ODCS-technology is the blocking of osmotic nutrition of pathogenic fungi due to genetically determined increased osmotic pressure in the tissues of host plants. The practical implementation of CCG-, TPR- and ODKS-technologies in the selection process, allowed to create a whole series of soybean and oil flax varieties with improved or new traits.
The cold-resistant soybean cultivar of the northern ecotype Sayana was selected from the hybrid combination F4 L-2577 × Aldana according to the traits of cold and frost resistance and a reduced reaction for a length of a day. Additionally, the degree of cold resistance of this cultivar was evaluated by the cryosedimentation method. The cultivar Sayana belongs to a very early group of ripeness, which matures in 98 days at the latitude of Krasnodar (45°). In the competitive variety test in 2018–2020 its yield amounted to 1.19–2.10 t per ha. During the agroecological testing of the cultivar Sayana in Irkutsk region at a latitude of 53°, the duration of its vegetative period was 126–133 days with the average yield of 2.95 t per ha, which exceeded the standard cultivar Sibiryachka by 0.43 t per ha. The plant height of the cultivar Sayana at the latitude of Krasnodar was 77–88 cm, in the Irkutsk region at latitudes of 53°, it increased to 105–147 cm. The new soybean cultivar of the northern ecotype Sayana is highly resistant to low temperatures of air and soil during the seedling phase, and has increased productivity in long-day conditions of deficient heat supply and cold stress. This allows it to be cultivated as a main crop in the Central Chernozem, Northern Caucasian, Middle Volga, Lower Volga, Ural, West Siberian and East Siberian regions of the Russian Federation.
Ключевые слова: соя, селекционный процесс, схема селекции, метод массовых популяций, модификации селекции, селекционные питомники, гомозиготизация гибридных популяций. UDC 633.853.52:631.52 Methodological fundamentals of the breeding process in soybean, and its improving modifications at VNIIMK (review).
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