The history of fusion-fission hybrid systems based on a tokamak device as an extremely efficient DT-fusion neutron source has passed through several periods of ample research activity in the world since the very beginning of fusion research in the 1950s. Recently, a new roadmap of the hybrid program has been proposed with the goal to build a pilot hybrid plant (PHP) in Russia by 2030. Development of the DEMO-FNS tokamak for fusion and hybrid technologies, which is planned to be built by 2023, is the key milestone on the path to the PHP. This facility is in the phase of conceptual design aimed at providing feasibility studies for a full set of steady state tokamak technologies at a fusion energy gain factor Q ∼ 1, fusion power of ∼ 40 MW and opportunities for testing a wide range of hybrid technologies with the emphasis on continuous nuclide processing in molten salts. This paper describes the project motivations, its current status and the key issues of the design.
Models of the bee-colony method are analyzed with a view to solving optimization problems. Biological foundations of the method are considered and a description of the behavior of a bee colony is formalized with a view to modelling it. To solve feature selection problems, a modification of the bee colony method is proposed for the first time.
На саммите РИО + 20 в Рио-де-Жанейро заявлена необходимость технологических инноваций, в том числе в энергетике, для устойчивого развития общества. Сформулированы требования к «зелёным» (экологически приемлемым) технологиям. Ядерные технологии, при определённых условиях, максимально подходят под это определение. Однако ахиллесовой пятой ядерной энергетики деления являются запроектные аварии, которые в течение полувека три раза угрожали самому существованию ядерной энергетики (аварии на Три-Майл-Айленде, в Чернобыле и Фукусиме). Две основные причины -неконтролируемый разгон реактора и потеря охлаждения. Неконтролируемый разгон связан с осуществлением самоподдерживающейся цепной реакции (чернобыльская авария). Отказ от этого свойства приводит к естественному решению -созданию гибридного (синтез-деления) реактора. Вторая проблема -потеря охлаждения (аварии на Три-Майл-Айленде и Фукусиме). Кардинальное решение -постоянная очистка топлива от продуктов деления. Такая технология известна -реактор на расплавах солей. Решение, таким образом, здесь сводится к возможному варианту реактора с внутренней самозащищённостью -жидкосолевому гибридному токамаку.Ключевые слова: ядерные технологии, внутренняя самозащищённость, жидкосолевой подкритический реактор, термоядерный источник нейтронов. CONCEPT OF «GREEN» NUCLEAR POWER ENGINEERING E.P. Velikhov, E.A. Azizov, P.N. Alekseev, M.I. Gurevich, S.A. Subbotin, A.L. Shimkevich NRC «Kurchatov Institute», Moscow, RussiaAt RIO + 20 meeting in Rio de Janeiro the need for technological innovation for the sustainable development of society, including energetic, was declared. The demands for «green» (environmentally acceptable) technologies were formulated. Nuclear technologies, under certain circumstances, come under this definition at most. However beyond design accidents which for the half of century three times threatened the very existence of nuclear power (Three Mile Island, Chernobyl, and Fukushima) are the Achilles heel of nuclear power engineering. The two main reasons are uncontrolled reactor runaway and the loss of cooling. Uncontrolled runaway is connected with the reactor ability to implement self-sustaining chain reaction (the Chernobyl accident). The renunciation of this feature will lead to the creation of hybrid (fusion-fission) reactor as the natural fix. The loss of cooling (Fukushima accident) is the second problem. The permanent fuel refinement from fission products is the cardinal solution. This technology is known -the Molten Salt reactor. Thus, the solution of problems of safety of the future nuclear power engineering here is reduced to possibility of realization inherent safety nuclear power plant -MSHT -Molten Salt (MS) Hybrid (H) Tоkаmаk (T).Key words: nuclear technologies, inherent safety, molten salt subcritical reactor, fusion source of neutrons. ВВЕДЕНИЕНа Конференции ООН по устойчивому развитию (Rio + 20) в Рио-де-Жанейро (Бразилия) 20-22 июля 2012 г. была обозначена острая необходимость осуществления технологических инноваций прежде всего в энергетике и сфо...
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