The global experience of giving treatment using human genome diagnostics and editing technologies in different countries shows different results. This sphere of public relations raises many disputes on a number of issues in the context of bad faith of those physicians who participate in carrying out the procedures under consideration. Unfortunately, wrongdoers in this area use modern technologies for their own sinister purposes. For the Russian Federation, the problem under consideration is not as urgent as for many more medically developed States. However, if such precedents take place abroad, with a high probability they should be expected in Russia. On this basis, it is necessary to review the legal regulation in terms of establishing penalties for offences in this area. The author analyzes the current normative legal regulation of domestic genetic engineering and gives some proposals for its reform.
The development of modern medicine is based on the development of high-tech treatment methods. One of such methods includes the application of genomic research that in Russia is not inferior, but in many ways superior to the achievements of Western scientists. However, legal regulation, or rather lack of such regulation in our state prevents comprehensive application of advanced techniques in practice. In order to solve this issue, it becomes relevant to study the experience of foreign countries in order to take into account their flaws and gaps in legal regulation to deal with the debate over problems that may be associated with the application of advanced techniques. The paper considers the use of genomic technologies in the UK in the field of embryology and artificial fertilization as one of the most open areas for genomic editing in modern medicine. The paper elucidates the issue of obtaining and withdrawal (revoking or suspending) of the license by organizations that provide medical services in the field of embryology and artificial human fertilization. The authors also deal with the issue of the formation of specialized bodies, e.g. appeals committees in the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Department, dealing with narrow issues. The authors have chosen legal regulation of the issue under consideration in Britain because it appears to be the most liberal regulation as compared with the regulation applied in the other States and even under international law. This, in turn, creates grounds for fears, disputes and discussions in the expert community, which is also of particular interest to the forthcoming Russian law-making and law enforcement. For the purposes of the study, the authors analyze the provisions of the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act in terms of their applicability both in the UK and in Russia and examine expert opinions regarding the issues under consideration. Based on the work done, the authors propose to implement the model of legal regulation under which both children who appeared as a result of genomic editing and donors are to be informed of the application of this method.
INTRODUCTION. The development of public relations in the field of international trade transportation presupposes new conditions for their safety. This work represents a failure of an attempt to conduct such a study and a comprehensive understanding of the problems existing in this area, as well as the search for ways to solve them by international legal mechanisms. In parallel, certain organizational and legal measures were proposed, and the problems of certain aspects of merchant shipping were also raised.MATERIALS AND METHODS. For the preparation of this work, the normative legal acts, both domestic and international, were considered, the positions of scientists – representatives of different states. A comparison of legal norms and practice of their application was carried out on the basis of available information materials. Within the framework of this work, methods of analysis, comparative legal method, deduction were also used. On this basis, the modeling of ways of possible optimization of the activities of subjects of international law, specializing in security issues, was carried out.RESEARCH RESULTS. In essence, the content of the article is the main part devoted to the problems of ensuring the safety of maritime transportation, introductory and concluding parts. The latter reflects the main conclusion devoted to the formulation of the question of the possibility of combining the efforts of various actors to ensure the integrated safety of merchant shipping, which can be combined in a single international legal document. At the same time, it is not at all necessary to place special emphasis on mandatory law enforcement and other punitive measures. Economic and reputational mechanisms are quite applicable, stimulating the activities of states to create all the necessary conditions for safe navigation in the relevant waters.DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS. The application of this proposal in practice can potentially have an organizational and legal impact on the policies of various states and individual subjects of commercial activity in terms of ensuring maximum protection of the widest range of subjects of sea trade.
Recent events in Russia and in the world have shown the high importance of medicine for modern society. It became obvious that a large number of threats are concentrated from the point of view of the consistency of the healthcare system, which can be ensured by coordinated actions of state structures based on a high-quality regulatory legal framework. On the other hand, new means and methods of treating various diseases seem to be important. One of these areas of high-tech medicine is the diagnosis and editing of the human genome. There is practically no normative legal regulation of this activity, despite the fact that modern legal science is replete with proposals in this regard and notes an acute shortage of this regulation. Nevertheless, these medical technologies had some influence on minor changes in the legal regulation of this area, including the special powers of the federal territory “Sirius”, revision of the system of state control and supervision over the production and distribution of biomedical cell products and some progress in causing and compensating harm from conducting genomic research. The scientific novelty of this work is the conclusion about the impact of genomic medicine on legal regulation in Russia, as well as proposals for further improvement of such work. The purpose of the study is to analyze the latest legislative innovations to assess the impact of modern medical technologies on them, as well as to determine the main directions for further improving the legal system in this area. Methodology. To carry out this study, we analyzed the domestic legal regulation on the issue of genomic therapy in its dynamics over the past few years, used the method of expert assessments, the comparative legal method. The main suggestions were made by the modeling method. Key conclusions are made based on general philosophical methods of scientific knowledge — analysis and synthesis, deduction and induction.
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