Potato production in the Russian Federation and in many countries of the world is important. In the public sector, potatoes are cultivated on farms, personal and subsidiary plots. In connection with the transition to market relations, the area for planting potatoes has sharply decreased, and as a result, the production of potato harvesting equipment. Therefore, an acute question arose of the further creation and production of the simplest potato harvesting equipment and the improvement of their new working bodies. Pre-harvest removal chopping tops occupies an important place in the technology of potato cultivation. During operation, it was noted that rotary machines have a number of disadvantages caused by the imperfection of the rotor design, its kinematic modes, insufficient balance and reliability. In order to eliminate these shortcomings, a rotary topper with a vertical axis of rotation was designed and manufactured. To justify the design and operational parameters, theoretical studies of the process of interaction of the working element of the chopper with the tops of root crops were carried out, as a result of which the main patterns characterizing the working element were identified. In particular, dependence was obtained that allows to determine the cross-sectional diameter of the working element, which takes into account both the design parameters of the developed grinder and the properties of the tops. After calculating the obtained dependence, it was determined that for the operation of the unit with a minimum energy consumption, the diameter of the working element should be 6 mm. Such a working element cuts the tops in compliance with all agricultural requirements. Field experiments conducted later confirmed the obtained value, which indicates the reliability of the results.
The article discusses the features of the process of interaction of the blades of the teeth of the disk working body with the cultivated soil. If we take into account the fact that the parameters of the intensity of the impact exerted on the soil by the toothed working body will depend on the speed of movement, it will be possible to determine the values of the speed of an arbitrary point of the blade of the teeth. As a result of mathematical transformations and the application of the method of differentiation of the equation of their displacement, a formula was obtained for calculating the cutting speed for an arbitrary point of the blade of the teeth of a disk working body. Also, the acceleration of the points under consideration is determined and the dependences obtained as a result of theoretical studies are analyzed. The dependences demonstrate that the parameters of the impact speed and the trajectory of the blade movement directly depend on the shape of the cutting edge. They are also influenced by the angle of attack, the value of the inclination in relation to the vertical, as well as the speed of the planter movement. After analyzing the results obtained, it can be concluded that there is a noticeable decrease in the throwing of the upper soil layer to the side and the removal of the lower layer to the open surface of the field when exposed to a disk working body with teeth around the perimeter.
Potato in the Russian Federation takes the second place after grain in its economic importance. In the public sector, potatoes are cultivated on farms, personal and subsidiary plots. In connection with the transition to market relations, the area for planting potatoes has sharply decreased, and as a result, the production of potato harvesting equipment. Therefore, the question arose of the further creation and production of the simplest potato harvesting equipment and the improvement of their new working units. Pre-harvest removal chopping tops occupies an important place in the technology of potato cultivation. The easiest way to remove the tops is mechanical. During operation, it was noted that rotary machines have a number of disadvantages caused by the imperfection of the rotor design, its kinematic regimes, insufficient balance and reliability. In order to eliminate these shortcomings, a rotary topper with a vertical axis of rotation was designed and manufactured. To justify the design and operational parameters, theoretical studies of the process of interaction of the working element of the chopper with the tops of root crops were carried out, as a result of which the main patterns characterizing the working element were identified. In particular, a dependence was obtained that allows one to determine the shape of the line of the working element, which takes into account both the design parameters and the operating modes of the developed haulm chopper. Due to the action of gravity and air resistance during rotation, the working element cannot be a straight rod, that is, the farther the point of the working element from the center of rotation, the more it will lag behind the intended straight line. The deviation value will be in direct proportion to the transverse size of the working element and inversely to the linear density of its material. The coefficient of air resistance is determined experimentally, due to the influence on its value of both the shape and structure of the surface of the working element, as well as humidity and air temperature.
Existing methods for assessing the economic efficiency of the system of machines and technological methods contain numerous similar indicators. The multifaceted nature of the problem, its dynamism also cannot be covered by a single criterion – the value of the reduced costs. A method of systematic research and analysis of the technological efficiency of the production process has been developed to improve the technological processes and technical means for potato cultivation and to achieve higher economic indicators of agricultural production development. A generalized criterion characterizing the efficiency of the working process as a whole, which can be used to evaluate various technological operations in the production of potatoes, is obtained. Various technological processes performed by the working bodies of combined and serial machines were analyzed to verify and confirm the effectiveness of the developed provisions. At the same time, vector quantity was adopted as the main criterion for the comparative evaluation of machines and technologies. As a result of the implementation of this method, a scientifically based technological map for the cultivation of environmentally safe potatoes is proposed. The complex of agricultural practices for the implementation of the proposed technology is selected taking into account soil and climatic conditions and is designed for the cultivation of potatoes with minimal labor and money. The use of technological operations, such as the distribution of straw rolls on the field with its incorporation into the soil, germination of seed potatoes tubers in the peat-mineral shell, inter-row processing with sprinkling of plants with soil, simultaneous removal of the tops by crushing in the process of harvesting combines can significantly reduce costs in the production of potatoes.
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