The relevance of the research is caused by the need to find a method that provides a complete and systematic presentation of Russian grammar. The aim of the study is to discuss the prospects for creating a grammar that will clarify the reasons for the features of each level of the language and the principle of mutual functional coordination of all levels. Structural and systemic models for constructing grammatical theory became the object of the study, and a comparative systemic analysis of these models was used as a method. The authors show that there are objective prerequisites for the successful creation of a new model of academic grammar - determinant theory of language developed by the founder of modern systemic linguistics G.P. Melnikov. The most stable property of the language system (internal determinant), acquired as a result of its adaptation to the conditions of communication, makes it possible to explain the interdependence of the composition of vowels and consonants, the structure of the syllable, morpheme and word form, the means of syntactic connection of words in a sentence, the features of the internal form of the language, the non-randomness of the composition of grammatical categories and grammatical ways of expressing them. The internal determinant of the inflectional Russian language, formed in the conditions of poor awareness of the interlocutors about each other, formulated as the need to save the length of the speech stream due to the appearance of a large number of joint-meaning morphemes, makes it possible to explain and link such features of the Russian language as the widespread use of internal inflection and fusion, the preparedness of word forms, methods and functions of affixation, the non-randomness of the grammatical categories of tense, person and case, and ways of expressing them. Research prospects are associated with the uniqueness of the determinant approach, which synthesizes the possibilities of typological and historical approaches and makes it possible to establish the meaning and mutually agreed function of each element of the form. Therefore, it allows to create an academic grammar not of a descriptive, but of an explanatory nature.
В полифонично организованном тексте с характерным ослаблением связей между высказыванием, его субъектом, объектом и значением стиль меняет свою функциональную направленность. Действующая в условиях полифонии стилистическая омонимия приводит к снижению семиотической значимости категории стиля. Стиль перестает выполнять характерологическую функцию, затрудняя, а в ряде случаев делая невозможной атрибуцию героя по стилистическим показателям его речи. Недифференцированное – вне привязанности к определенным субъектам и к определенным объектам – употребление ярких стилистических показателей (уменьшительных форм, каламбуров, семантических ассоциаций, разрушенных структурно-семантических стереотипов) – типологически маркированное явление. Однако типологическая маркированность не исключает маркированности идиостилистической и общеэстетической. Один и тот же элемент или прием может быть одновременно закодирован несколькими эстетическими кодами: универсальным, типологическим и индивидуальным. Степень стилистической омонимии прямо пропорциональна степени полифоничности текста. Стилистическая омонимия голосов разных героев порождает стилистическое двойничество, которое соотносится с семантическим двойничеством героев. В ситуации свободного «блуждания» высказывания между разными субъектами и переполненности высказывания значениями помимо стилистической омонимии неотъемлемым признаком полифоничного текста становится прием повтора как предельно экономный способ порождения новых смыслов и одновременно способ актуализации и вторичных смыслов (с позиций линейного развертывания текста), и исходных. При повторе происходит изменение и прагматического, и концептуального значения высказывания. Таким образом, стиль в полифонии выступает как смыслообразующая и смыслопреобразующая сила, которая прямо, не опосредованно участвует в создании ядерных смыслов текста.
The subject of the article is a comparison of the case systems of the agglutinative Turkic languages of Southern Siberia with the aim to establish their typological commonality and differences. The method of case systems geometric modeling allows us to clearly demonstrate the semantic oppositions of case forms in a selected language and compare differences in the semantic structure of case systems of both related and non-related languages. The main result of the study is the establishment of a direct relationship between the case category, the language morphological type and the canonical structure of a typical utterance in each language and an indirect relationship with the typical conditions of communication in a language community. The study showed that the case systems of the considered languages contain the optimal composition of paradigm elements in the communicative conditions typical for agglutinative languages. Speakers of agglutinative languages have common generic and individual images, and in a particular situation, communicants are aware of the subjects and objects mentioned in the utterance, which allows using case forms to express not only the main actant roles, but also additional components of grammatical meanings. The results obtained can be used primarily in systemic typology, as well as in Turkic studies.
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