A collection of soft winter wheat specimens investigated on the artificial infectious background of the leaf rust pathogen and selected resistance among them. The genetics of resistance sign in varieties and specimens were determined by hybridological analysis of F2: Lovrin 32, KM 1485-6-8, VR 89 Bo 22, Beres, Tobarzo, 0-74-8-2, MIKM 1851-80, 4347-4, NS 326-99, 5517 A-5-5 Yr, Florida 302, VR 87 Bo 15, Matyo, NS 1308, 200-830, Polka, NS 2630/1, NS 18-30, HBE 0140-119, HBE 208-120, HBE 0303 156, HBE 0425-156, Tx91v4511, Tx92v4511, Plyska, Zernogradskaya 31, Volshebnitsa, Myronivska 40, Myronivska ostysta, Myronivska 28, Estet, Volynska napivintensivna, Kyivska 8, Expromt, Mironivska 29, Remeslivna, Garant, Selyanka, Erythrospermum 15761, Erythrospermum 12557, Erythrospermum 12735, Vympel odeskyiy during 1990–2018. The gene non-identity of the investigated donors was determined. In a variety of VR 89 Bo 22, 2 resistance genes, one of them Lr19, was investigated. The results of investigations of the composition of the leaf rust pathogen population by a series of isogenic lines and varieties of carriers of known effective resistance genes are presented. The high resistance against the leaf rust pathogen in the forest-steppe of Ukraine provide the genes Lr9, Lr19, Lr37, Lr42 + Lr24, Lr43 (Lr21 + Lr39) + Lr24, Lr9 + Lr26, Lr10 + Lr24.
The results of the investigations of resistance winter common wheat varieties to leaf rust are given. The high resistance to the pathogen manifest varieties that contain resistance genes: Lr9, Lr19, Lr37, Lr42 + Lr24, Lr43 (Lr21 + Lr39) + Lr24, Lr9 + Lr26, Lr10 + Lr24 are ascertained. The genes Lr13, Lr34, Lr37 in combination with other resistance genes provides long-term protection to leaf rust wheat. Winter wheat varieties, created at the V. M. Remeslo Myronivka Institute of Wheat, contain resistance genes Lr23, Lr24, Lr26, Lr34. The varieties Vesta, Snizhana, Demetra are protected by the resistance genes Lr26 + Lr34, variety Zolotokolosa– Lr24 + Lr34, Ekonomka – Lr3 + Lr26, Myronivska storichna – Lr3 + Lr23 + Lr10 + Lr26. The allele Lr34 (+) is contained in varieties: Kryzhynka, Vesta, Snizhana, Volodarka, Demetra, Vdiachna, Pamiati Remesla, Sviatkova, Podolianka, Berehynia myronivska, MIP Dniprianka, and Balada myronivska. Sustainability is an important element of an integrated system of plant protection against many diseases, and to ensure increased yields it is necessary to create and distribute sustainable varieties that will be an environmentally promising way to develop the agro-industrial complex of Ukraine.
The efficiency of selection work depends on the availability of the source maize material with genetic diversity, high combination ability and a set of economically valuable traits. Modern maize hybrids are created using only a small portion of gene plasma. Only 5-8% of the species maize diversity is used in the modern breeding process. Of great importance for successful breeding research and effective selection is the introduced material, especially from different parts of the globe. Each form, line, variety or hybrid is characterized by a set of many features and properties. The most important of them change more under the influence of adaptation, when grown in new conditions. Scientists of the Department of genetics, breeding and seed production named after prof. M.O. Zelensky NULES of Ukraine have been working together with the Department of Crop Production of the University of Aleppo (Syrian Arab Republic) for more than 20 years to expand the gene pool, developed a scheme, methods of approaches to the introduced forms for their analysis, testing, selection, followed by the creation of both source material and the creation of high-yielding hybrids in Ukraine and Syria. The article presents materials that highlight the importance of different approaches to the selection of source material, genetic sources, as well as the importance of the new gene plasma in the creation of self-pollinating lines, its preservation and subsequent use in breeding programs. The results of many years of research and reports of their results provide an opportunity to summarize the indicators of the migration effect from one area to another. It is established that the use maize samples of Syrian origin begins with overcoming the low cold resistance and slowed down the initial growth of maize. That is why the original forms of Syrian selection when grown in the conditions of "VP ADS NULES of Ukraine" (Pshenichne village, Vasylkiv district, Kyiv region) have a long growing season and late emergence of panicles. This shortcoming can be eliminated only by selection. The authors have developed proposals for a joint research program, test methods, recommended scheme of work with the original material of Syrian and Ukrainian maize selection. Key words: maize, source material, introduction, cell and genetic engineering, genetic diversity, genetic resources, sources of traits, collections, adaptation.
In agroecosystems, microorganisms are the main factor in the soil formation process, plant nutrition and phytosanitary condition of the soil. Therefore, all measures aimed at restoring soil fertility and increasing productivity, environmental safety of agricultural production are closely linked to the activities of microorganisms. Increased local activity, biomass and diversity of microbiota are one of the most important characteristics that distinguish the rhizosphere from the total soil volume. The aim of the research was to study the number and composition of the microbial complex of the rhizosphere of cereals (winter wheat of different varieties of domestic selection) in the process of ontogenesis. To conduct a set of microbiological studies, soil samples were taken and prepared (typical chernozem) in compliance with the standard requirements for sample preparation and storage of samples in the laboratory. The analysis of rhizosphere soil samples was performed according to the variants of different varieties of winter wheat of domestic selection. The number of soil microorganisms was determined by the method of inoculation of suspensions on nutrient media according to generally accepted methods in microbiology. Determination of the total microbial biomass in the soil was carried out by the rehydration method, and the intensity of "respiration" of the soil, respectively, by the release of CO2 and O2 absorption by the manometric method (Warburg apparatus). It is established that varietal specificity is significantly related to the peculiarities of microbiome formation in different phases of plant growth and development, which is an integral indicator of functional and metabolic activity of soil microorganisms. The number and composition of the microbial complex of winter wheat rhizosphere in the process of ontogenesis changes significantly, especially in the ratio of the number of spore-forming and non-spore forms of microorganisms under the same conditions of crop cultivation. The total pool of saprotrophic microorganisms of the rhizosphere demonstrates the variability of biomass and changes in favor of ecoplastic Bacillus. An increase in the number of spore-forming bacteria to 4.2 x 107 CFU/g in the variants of growing certain varieties was found. It is shown that in the cultivation of different varieties of winter wheat there are stable indicators of the intensity of CO2 emissions - from 5.2 to 7.0. A similar trend can be traced to the absorption of O2 (not more than 5.3-6.8).
В роботі досліджуються процеси формування оптимального рівня енерговитрат інженерними комплексами і цілеспрямованої передачі енергії на робочі середовища при створенні оборонних, промислових, цивільних об’єктів і об’єктів інфраструктури, технологія будівництва яких передбачає розробку, подрібнення, перемішування, ущільнення, транспортування різних робочих середовищ, управління системою розподілення енергопотоків, адекватну вимогам зовнішнього середовища. Ці процеси пропонується розглядати в єдиній синергетичній системі, що складається із двох взаємодіючих підсистем – інженерних комплексів та цільових об’єктів будіндустрії з інтелектуальною корекцією.
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