This paper covers the contemporary trends in the formation of economically-beneficial qualities in productive animals. Researchers assessed the breeding and productive traits of animals and established the reproduction characteristics of the breeding stock and stud bulls: the inseminating ability and return into heat after calving, return to the state for re-insemination, physiological manifestations of sexual heat, calving ease, direct and indirect health indicators as well as performance. Genomic testing allowed excluding the animals-carriers of genetic anomalies and haplotypes associated with fertility from the breeding process. To improve the quality of milk and the immune resistance in the breeding of stud bulls research team based on the indices of different caseins: α, β, k. The use of genetically evaluated stud bulls in the Sverdlovsk region had a significant impact on milk productivity: milk yield from 2011 through 2018 increased from 5502 to 7448 kg of milk per cow. Genomic breeding allowed predicting the functional breeding parameters, such as the duration of the productive period, calving ease, fertility, the somatic cells count. It was established that the dairy cows descended from bulls, whose semen had been imported, did not have advantages over dairy cows, descended from semen of bulls 'Uralplemcentr' in terms of nutrients in milk. Certainty in the approaches of the abovementioned organization is based on the genome-wide assay, absence of genetic anomalies and haplotypes with negative impact on fertility, assay-based conclusions that the genome has economically-beneficial qualities that are necessary for increasing the economic profit of the dairy cows descended from abovementioned bulls. Over the course of 2-2.5 lactations it is not feasible to evaluate the cow by genotype. Cases, in which mothers are culled from the herd before calving, and their cow daughters start to lactate, lead to genetic stagnation. Increase in milk yield in production herds is related to the increase of expenses on feed components of artificial origin. This again leads to a rapid deterioration of the body of cows and even earlier culling. Without tackling the issues related to breed (or intra-breed) zoning, creation of genetically isolated groups of animals of the main breeds-the further development of the domestic dairy farming is not possible.
There are a lot of factors facilitating antibiotic resistance in poultry farming, such as: genetic characteristics of microbiome, immune status of poultry, stress-producing technology of industrial poultry welfare, and the use of antibiotics with the purpose of disease prevention or medication. In both veterinary and animal-farming practice in the Russian Federation ansamycins, carbapenems, semisynthetic penicillins, cephallоsporins of different generations, fluroquinolones, macrolides and azalides, tetracyclines and glycopeptides are mainly used. Detection of the strains of pathogenic and opportunistic pathogenic microflora resistant to these antibiotics is considered to be important not only for veterinary but also for medicine. We have done the research on opportunistc microbiocenosis in poultry farms aimed at egg or meat farming located in the Ural area. It was stated that dominating strains in opportunistic pathogenic microflora are Enterococcus faecium and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, whereas S. aureus, S. epidermidis, S. saprophyticus, Ent faecalis, Enterobacter spp, P. vulgaris, P. mirabilis, E.coli are less frequently detected. Proportion of the above mentioned microorganisms differed depending on the profile of a poultry farm. The research done have shown that spreading of antibiotic resistant strains of opportunistic microflora in poultry farms have reached high level. The most of detected strains had low susceptibility or resistance at least to one target antibiotic. A significant number of P.aeruginosa and S.aureus strains not sensitive to carbapenems and fluroquinolones, as well as of E. faecium strains resistant to vancomycin, have been detected.
The studies were carried out on black-and-white cattle of the Ural intra-breed type, bred at the enterprises of the Sverdlovsk region. The studied groups of animals are formed depending on the milking technology (milking in a milk pipe, in milking parlors, robotic milking). The level of hormones in the groups of cows, where intensive milking technologies were used, is higher than in the groups of linear milking in the milk pipeline: prolactin by 17.2 ng / ml; adrenocorticotropic hormone by 10.3 pg / ml; cortisol by 5.3 nmol / l. The number of heifers with a high type of stress tolerance is on average 6.3% less in groups where intensive milking technologies were used in comparison with linear milking in a milk pipe.
Период продуктивного долголетия коров является одним из основных показателей, характеризующих эффективность производственного процесса на молочном предприятии. Известно, что интенсивное использование животных (в том числе и на высокотехнологичных доильных установках) приводит к сокращению срока производственного использования животных. Исследования проводили на базе ЗАО «Агрофирма «Патруши» Сысертского района Свердловской области, где коров доят в доильном зале с применением установки «Европараллель», содержание животных беспривязное. Кроме того, функционирует ферма с привязным содержанием скота и доением в молокопровод. Исследования показали, что коровы, содержащиеся на привязи, выбывали из стада чаще, чем коровы первой группы (беспривязное содержание), по причине заболевания вымени (на 11,4 %), нарушений обмена веществ в организме (на 6,3 %), малопродуктивности (на 7,2 %). Животные, содержавшиеся без привязи с использованием доильных залов, чаще по сравнению с коровами второй группы выбраковывались из стада вследствие разрыва либо растяжения связок (на 4,2 %), заболеваний органов пищеварительной системы (на 5,7 %), яловости (на 4,3 %), различных травм либо несчастных случаев (на 7,2 %). При этом период производственного использования у животных, содержавшихся на привязи, выше на 0,9 лактации. Установлено, что продолжительность первой лактации у коров, доившихся в доильном зале, оказалась длиннее на 60 дней (14,5 %) (p<0,001) по сравнению с другой группой животных, которых содержали на привязи. Максимальная продуктивность животными первой группы (без привязи) достигнута в возрасте 1,2 лактации, а животными второй группы (привязь) -лишь к возрасту 1,8 лактации. Необходимо также отметить, что количество надоенного молока за 305 дней максимальной лактации у животных, доившихся в молокопровод и содержавшихся на привязи, больше на 333,0 кг (3,4 %) (p<0,001) по сравнению с коровами, которых доили в зале и содержали без привязи. Пожизненная молочная продуктивность животных, которых использовали при беспривязном содержании, ниже по сравнению с коровами другой группы на 5710,0 кг (22,4 %) (p<0,001).Ключевые слова: продуктивное долголетие, удой, причины выбытия, способ содержания.The period of productive longevity of cows is one of the main indicators characterizing the efficiency of the production process in a dairy enterprise. It is known that intensive use of animals (including high-tech milking plants) leads to a shortening of the period of production use of animals. The research was carried out on the basis of ZAO AgrofirmaPatrushi of the Sysert District of the Sverdlovsk Region, where the cows are milked in the parlor with the Europarallel system, and the animals are kept free. In addition, there is a farm with a tied cattle and milking in the milk pipe. Studies have shown that cows kept on a leash dropped out of the herd more often than the cows of the first group (unattached), due to udder disease (by 11.4 %), metabolic disorders in the body (by 6.3 %), low productivity (by 7.2 %). Animals kept without leashes wit...
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