Relevance и methods. In the field experiment in the conditions of sod-podzolic sandy loam soil of the Central region of the Non-Chernozem zone, the influence of four sowing periods (30.04; 05.05; 10.05; 15.05) on the formation of the yield of early-maturing soybean seeds of the variety Svetlayawas studied.Results. When sowing at a later date, the emergence of seedlings was accelerated and a faster development of plants was observed during the growing season. Thus, when sowing on May 15, the duration of the sowing — germination period was reduced by 6 days compared to sowing on April 30, and the duration of the growing season from germination to maturation was reduced by 4 days. When sown on April 30, soybeans reached harvest ripeness steadily in the third decade of August, when sown on May 15, the ripening of soybeans goes to September, which can lead to unstable ripening of seeds, since the temperature regime in September does not meet the requirements of soybeans. The conducted studies have shown that high yields of soybean seeds at the level of 2.73 t/ha can be obtained on the sod-podzolic sandy loam soil of the Central region of the Non-Chernozem zone in favorable weather conditions. The most favorable conditions for the formation of a seed harvest in this region are created when sowing on May 5. When sowing on April 30, decreasesuch indicators as field germination — by 12.7%, plant survival — by 2.2%, the height of the first inflorescence — by 2.6 cm and the biological yield of seeds — by 20.1% . At later sowing dates, there is also a decrease in seed yield by 19.5–40.8% due to a decrease in field germination (by 2.9–4.9%) and the weight of seeds from the plant (by 21.6–32.4%).
Application of nitrogen fertilizers at a dose of 30 kg/ha under the vetch and oat mixture practically does not affect the yield of vetch, but increases the yield of oats by an average of 21.7% and the yield of the vetch and oat mixture by 11.1 %. Nitrogen fertilizers in doses of 60 and 90 kg / ha reduce the yield of vetch in the vetch and oat mixture by an average of 21.5% and 31.6%, respectively, but increase the yield of oats by 47.8% and 73.9%, respectively; the yield of the mixture increases by 15.7% and 25.1%.The payback of 1 kg of mineral nitrogen by adding the yield of the vetch -oat mixture was at a dose of N30+6.3 kg/kg, at doses of N60 and N90 + 4.5 kg/kg and +4.8 kg / kg, respectively.
Relevance and Methods. The effect of three doses of nitrogen fertilizers (N30, N60, and N90) on the formation of a crop of vetch seeds mixed with spring wheat was studied in a field experiment in sod-podzolic sandy loam soil.Results. In average for the study years, the yield of vetch seeds under the influence of nitrogen fertilizers decreased at the dose of mineral nitrogen 30 kg/ha by 12,7% at a dose of 60 kg/ha by 26,4% at a dose of 90 kg/ha by 36,4%, and grain yield of spring wheat increased, respectively, 1,8; 2,5 and 2,9 times. A significant decrease in the yield of vetch was observed at doses of mineral nitrogen N60 and N90, the yield of wheat grain significantly increased at all doses of mineral nitrogen. Nitrogen fertilizers were most effective in drought conditions, when the symbiotic fixation of air nitrogen in the crop area was weakened. Under conditions of increased moisture, nitrogen fertilizers did not provide an increase in the grain yield of the mixture, but increased the resistance of the crop to lodging, which made the mixture more technologically adapted to harvesting.
The article analyzes the structure of the yield of the components of vetch -cereal mixtures. The best indicators of the crop structure and the yield of vetch seeds were obtained in vetch -oat-wheat and vetch -barley-wheat mixtures, the worst - in vetch -oat-barley mixture. Among the cereal components of the mixtures, oats had the highest productivity. The total grain yield of the mixtures differed slightly.
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