Наведено дані щодо впливу способів основного обробітку ґрунту та систем удобрення на забур’яненість посівів польових культур. Встановлено, що систематичне проведення впродовж чотирьох ротацій дев’ятипільної сівозміни дискового та плоскорізного обробітків призводить до збільшення потенційної забур’яненості ґрунту на 22–50 %, порівняно зі щорічною оранкою. Використання органо-мінеральної та органічної систем удобрення призводить до збільшення чисельності бур’янів у шарі 0–20 см у 1,2–1,5 рази, порівняно з неудобреним фоном. Фактична забур’яненість агроценозу пшениці озимої на початку вегетації культури при проведенні оранки та дискування за різних систем удобрення становить відповідно 9–18 та 23–42 шт./м2, тоді як у посівах ярих культур (люпин, льон олійний, кукурудза, картопля) ці показники коливаються в межах 8–92 та 26–708 шт./м2. The data on influence of the methods of the basic tillage of the soil and fertilizer systems on the anthropogenic activity of field crops are given. It has been established that the systematic conduct, during four rotations of nine-way crop rotation, of disk and planar varieties, results in an increase in the potential forbearance of the soil by 22–50 %, compared to annual plowing. The use of organo-mineral and organic fertilizer systems leads to an increase in the number of weeds in a layer of 0–20 cm in 1.2–1.5 times, compared with the unhealthy background. The actual aging of winter wheat agrocenosis at the beginning of the growing season in the course of plowing and discarding under different fertilizer systems is respectively 9–18 and 23–42 pcs./m2, whereas in spring crops (lupine, linseed, corn, potatoes) these indicators range from 8–92 and 26–708 pcs./m2.
Obtaining high and stable yields of corn is possible only under conditions of maintaining a cultivation technology as well as a complex system of protection against pests. This system is based on the protection of maize crops against weeds, as this crop is considered to be one of the weakest, competing with weeds, in agrophytocenosis. The peculiarities of maize crops protection against the most common types of weeds should be based on the knowledge of their species composition, taking into account the specific soil and climatic conditions of the crop cultivation. The article investigates into the effectiveness of certain postemergent herbicides and their tank mixtures applied on maize crops and aimed at reducing the presence of weeds as well as improving the yield indices. The study was conducted on low-fertile sandy soils of Polissia. The presence and number of weeds in maize crops were monitored. It was ascertained that monocotyledonous weed species, namely Setaria pumila, Echinochloa crus-galli, and Elymus repens were slightly prevalent in the agrophytocenosis of maize. Dicotyledonous species were presented by Chenopodium album, Amaranthus, and Persicaria lapathifolian. The separate application of herbicides Titus (water-soluble granules) and Prima (ssuspension emulsion) resulted in effectiveness of weed reduction at 56.1 % and 47.5 %, respectively. The study of tank mixtures of analogous agents showed a notably higher efficiency. The highest index of technical efficiency amounted to 92.5 % before the weed control was obtained in the experiment with the norms of the examined preparations 0.05 kg/ha and 0.4 l/ha. The yield indices in this variant were also the highest and amounted to 5.7 t/ha, which is 3.0 t/ha more compared to the weed control. In case of manual weeding, the number of weeds was slightly higher compared to the better variant of the tank mixture under study. The yield index in this version of the experiment was 5.3 t/ha.
To obtain high yields of winter wheat, it is important to control the contamination of crops with weeds. It is known that yield losses can be 30% or more due to the presence of segetal vegetation in wheat crops. With intensive technology of growing winter wheat, the chemical method of protection against weeds is an extremely important element. The paper highlights data on the species composition and class of contamination of winter wheat agrocenosis. The effectiveness of herbicides and their tank mixtures in winter wheat crops to reduce the presence of the weed component, increase grain yield and quality in the conditions of Luginsky District of Zhytomyr region on sandy loam soils during 2019-2021 was studied. It is established that the structure of the weed component of agrophytocenosis of winter wheat in farm conditions is dominated by dicotyledonous weed species, namely: field mustard (Sinapis arvensis L.), wild radish (Raphanus raphanistrum L.), wild pansy (Viola tricolor L.), shovelweed (Capsella bursa-pastoris L.), toadpipe (Equisetum arvense L.), and blue bottle flower (Centaurea cyanus L.), the share of which is 64.8%. Graminaceous species of weeds are represented by silky bent grass (Apera spica-venti L.), couch-grass (Elytrigia repens L.), rye brome grass (Bromus secalinus L.). The technical efficiency of the studied herbicides with the separate and joint application was in the range of 60.8-94.6%. The highest indicator of technical efficiency of herbicides in winter wheat crops, which is 94.6%, was obtained in an experiment using a tank mixture of Granstar Pro 75 + Apiros 75 preparations, with norms of 0.025+0.013 kg/ha, as well as an increase in wheat grain yield by 2.0 t/ha compared to the contaminated control. Spraying winter wheat crops with herbicides during the growing season allows improving the quality indicators of the grain yield structure. In particular, the content of protein and fibrin increases by 1.1 times; the moisture content of grain decreases by 1.0-1.1 times, and the content of dirt impurity decreases by 2.8-6.7 times, compared to the control version
The oversaturation of crop rotation with maize has a negative effect on the phytosanitary condition of its bally crops and leads to losses of 25-30 % of grain yield due to the phytopathogenic organisms and pests' growth. Seed treatment enables the young maize sprouts to be protected from pathogens existing inside and on the surface of the seeds, in the soil as well as on plant residues, on the early stages of organogenesis.Our research, conducted during 2018-2019 under conditions of the Zhytomyr National Agro-ecological University research field, was aimed at studying the effectiveness of seed treatment fungicide used for protection of maize crops against the most common pathogens of fungal diseases: Ustilago zeae (Beckm.) Unger, Sorosporium relianum Mc. Alp., Fusarium moniliforme Scheld. The article presents the results of the study concerning the estimation of effectiveness of such seed treatment fungicide as TMTD, suspension concentration, (3,0 l/t), Vitavaks 200 FF, water suspension concentration (2,5 l/t) and Skarlet (0,4 l/t) against pathogens of the main fungal diseases when applied to the maize hybrid DKS 2960.The application of TMTD, suspension concentration (3,0 l/t), Vitavaks 200 FF, water suspension concentration (2,5 l/t) and Skarlet (0,4 l/t) promotes to the reduction in the extent of maize affection with Ustilago zeae (Beckm.) Unger by 1. 5 %, Sorosporium relianum Mc. Alp. by 0,9 %, Fusarium moniliforme Scheld by 3,8 %. The use of Skarlet agent enabled to restrain the development of Sorosporium relianum Mc. Alp. completely. The seed treatment fungicide applied had a positive effect on the yield of maize grain and allowed to obtain an increase of 1,1-2.0 t/ha as compared to the untreated variant. The highest yield increase of 2,0 t/ha, compared to the control variant, was obtained during the pre-sowing treatment of maize seeds with Skarlet (0,4 l/t).Further research will focus on developing elements of the maize protection system against major diseases, including the use of biological product.
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