Obtaining high and stable yields of corn is possible only under conditions of maintaining a cultivation technology as well as a complex system of protection against pests. This system is based on the protection of maize crops against weeds, as this crop is considered to be one of the weakest, competing with weeds, in agrophytocenosis. The peculiarities of maize crops protection against the most common types of weeds should be based on the knowledge of their species composition, taking into account the specific soil and climatic conditions of the crop cultivation. The article investigates into the effectiveness of certain postemergent herbicides and their tank mixtures applied on maize crops and aimed at reducing the presence of weeds as well as improving the yield indices. The study was conducted on low-fertile sandy soils of Polissia. The presence and number of weeds in maize crops were monitored. It was ascertained that monocotyledonous weed species, namely Setaria pumila, Echinochloa crus-galli, and Elymus repens were slightly prevalent in the agrophytocenosis of maize. Dicotyledonous species were presented by Chenopodium album, Amaranthus, and Persicaria lapathifolian. The separate application of herbicides Titus (water-soluble granules) and Prima (ssuspension emulsion) resulted in effectiveness of weed reduction at 56.1 % and 47.5 %, respectively. The study of tank mixtures of analogous agents showed a notably higher efficiency. The highest index of technical efficiency amounted to 92.5 % before the weed control was obtained in the experiment with the norms of the examined preparations 0.05 kg/ha and 0.4 l/ha. The yield indices in this variant were also the highest and amounted to 5.7 t/ha, which is 3.0 t/ha more compared to the weed control. In case of manual weeding, the number of weeds was slightly higher compared to the better variant of the tank mixture under study. The yield index in this version of the experiment was 5.3 t/ha.
To obtain high yields of winter wheat, it is important to control the contamination of crops with weeds. It is known that yield losses can be 30% or more due to the presence of segetal vegetation in wheat crops. With intensive technology of growing winter wheat, the chemical method of protection against weeds is an extremely important element. The paper highlights data on the species composition and class of contamination of winter wheat agrocenosis. The effectiveness of herbicides and their tank mixtures in winter wheat crops to reduce the presence of the weed component, increase grain yield and quality in the conditions of Luginsky District of Zhytomyr region on sandy loam soils during 2019-2021 was studied. It is established that the structure of the weed component of agrophytocenosis of winter wheat in farm conditions is dominated by dicotyledonous weed species, namely: field mustard (Sinapis arvensis L.), wild radish (Raphanus raphanistrum L.), wild pansy (Viola tricolor L.), shovelweed (Capsella bursa-pastoris L.), toadpipe (Equisetum arvense L.), and blue bottle flower (Centaurea cyanus L.), the share of which is 64.8%. Graminaceous species of weeds are represented by silky bent grass (Apera spica-venti L.), couch-grass (Elytrigia repens L.), rye brome grass (Bromus secalinus L.). The technical efficiency of the studied herbicides with the separate and joint application was in the range of 60.8-94.6%. The highest indicator of technical efficiency of herbicides in winter wheat crops, which is 94.6%, was obtained in an experiment using a tank mixture of Granstar Pro 75 + Apiros 75 preparations, with norms of 0.025+0.013 kg/ha, as well as an increase in wheat grain yield by 2.0 t/ha compared to the contaminated control. Spraying winter wheat crops with herbicides during the growing season allows improving the quality indicators of the grain yield structure. In particular, the content of protein and fibrin increases by 1.1 times; the moisture content of grain decreases by 1.0-1.1 times, and the content of dirt impurity decreases by 2.8-6.7 times, compared to the control version
Аim. To create a working collection of the sea buckthorn gene pool for priority breeding trends. Results and Discussion. Scientific and practical results of building up and studying the working collection of the buckthorn gene pool of the Institute of Horticulture of NAAS are presented. Aspects of formation of a working collection and their comparative identification by genetic profiles are analyzed. Morphobiological characteristics and economically valuable features of sea buckthorn plants are summarized. Conclusions. Targeted introduction and studies of the adaptive and productive potentials of sea buckthorn in the experimental fields of the Institute of Horticulture (northern forest-steppe of Ukraine) in 2017-2019 allowed us to transfer the most promising genotypes to the National Center for Plant Genetic Resources of Ukraine (NCPGRU) of the Рlant Production Institute named after VYa Yuriev of NAAS of Ukraine, where, after expert evaluation, they were assigned catalog numbers and included in a list of plants of the genetic bank of Ukraine: F 1-15-1 or Nosivchanka (UA3700073), F 1-15-8S or Mitsna (UA3700079), male form 1-15 -6Ch or Aboryhеn 6/11 (UA3700080), F 1-15-9 or Karotynna (UA3700082), F 1-15-3 or Pamiatka (UA3700076), F 1-15-8V or Soniachne Siayvo (UA3700075), 1-15-11 or Lymonna (UA3700072), F 2-15-73 or Morkviana (UA3700077), F 1-15-5 or Adaptyvna (UA3700078), F 1-15-8B or Osoblyva (UA3700083), F 1-15-6 or Apelsynova (UA3700084), F 6А/11 (UA3700081), and F 1-15-5а or Sribnolysta 5a (UA3700074).
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