При исследовании влияния ультрафиолетового (УФ) излучения на посевные качества семян и биометрические показатели морфологических органов растений различных сельхозкультур ученые не пришли к единому мнению об оптимальных параметрах его воздействия. Мы изучили влияние ультрафиолета от источника VL-6.LC с длиной волны 365 нм в течение 5 и 30 мин на семена яровой и озимой пшеницы различных сортов. Установили, что для семян каждого сорта существует свое оптимальное количество поглощенной энергии, приводящее к максимальному эффекту. На семенах пшеницы сорта Эстер, имеющих низкие показатели всхожести, стимулирующего влияния УФ-излучения не обнаружено. Посевные показатели остальных 4 сортов пшеницы возросли на 1-3 процента. Биометрические показатели у всех исследуемых сортов после облучения улучшились. Отметили, что масса проростков пшеницы после 30 мин облучения увеличивается у всех сортов. При этом у сортов Московская 39 и Юбилейная 100 рост достигал 20 процентов. После 5 мин облучения подобного эффекта не наблюдается. Показали, что высота проростков в зависимости от сорта меняется неоднозначно. После облучения в течение 30 мин высота проростков семян сорта Московская 39 возросла на 30 процентов, а у сортов Юбилейная 100, Дарья и Афина-на 3-5 процентов. Следует отметить влияние УФ-излучения на развитие корневой системы. У всех исследуемых сортов пшеницы, за исключением сорта Дарья, существенно увеличивается длина корней-на 26-60 процентов. Из проведенного эксперимента следует, что УФ-излучение мало влияет на всхожесть семян исследуемых сортов пшеницы, но значительно изменяет биометрические показатели проростков. Установили, что действие УФ-излучения избирательно и зависит от сорта культуры. Самым восприимчивым сортом при облучении длиной волны 365 нм в течение 30 мин оказался сорт озимой пшеницы Московская 39. Ключевые слова: ультрафиолетовое излучение, семена пшеницы, всхожесть, биометрические показатели проростков, яровая и озимая пшеница.
A b s t r a c tSeeking for effective natural stimulants that enhance crop productivity is relevant to ensure high quality yield production. The influence of physical factors (e.g. electric and magnetic fields, ultraviolet, infrared, laser irradiation) on seeds which contributes to an increase in sowing properties, plant photosynthetic activity, survival and yield is in the focus for researchers. However, a more detailed study of the mechanism of energy influence on the internal seed structure, plant growth and development sill remained relevant. Besides, it is necessary to develop effective, simple, reliable and low cost devices for agrophysical stimulation. The Federal Scientific Agroengineering Center VIM together with the Kazakh National Agrarian University has developed low frequency electromagnetic radiation construct which is mounted directly on combine-harvester to expose seeds to electromagnetic field during harvesting. The purpose of this study is to assess the sowing qualities of seeds and biometric indicators of the derived plants of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) variety Omskaya 18, as influenced by low frequency electromagnetic fields depending on intensity and time of irradiation. The seeds were harvested in September 2015 (Republic of Kazakhstan). The construct used was developed on the basis of the magnetotherapy apparatus Almag-02, placed on a combine-harvester Enisey 1200 NM (Russia). We compared different modes of seed exposure. These were flow treatment (a dynamic mode) at magnetic induction B = 6 mT and frequency f = 10 Hz; static treatment for 3, 6, and 9 min at 6 mT and 3 Hz/16 Hz, and flow treatment at 6 mT and 3 Hz/16 Hz. Irradiated and non-irradiated seeds (control) were used in further studies. Seed germination parameters were estimated in laboratory tests. The seeds were germinated on filter paper in Petri dishes in darkness in a thermostat LP-113 (Labor Muszeripari Muvek Esztergom, Hungary). To assess the growth and development of seedlings and plants we used a phytotron Vic-Terra (FSAC VIM, Russia). Treatment with low frequency electromagnetic field for 9 min in static mode increased seed germination energy and germination rate by 12-13 %. When irradiating seed flow, germination was below the control, e.g. at 6 mТ, 10 Hz this parameter decreased by 4.3 % in the laboratory test and by 3.5 % in the phytotron. Plant weight and height were higher in the irradiated samples. Under static irradiation for 9 min at 6 mТ, 3 Hz and 16 Hz the plant weight was 0.56 and 0.59 g, respectively. The smallest weight (0.46 g per plant) resulted from flow treatment at 6 mТ, 16 Hz. After storage of treated seeds at laboratory conditions for 3 and 7 months the indicators (germination energy and germination rate) remained satisfactory. The best result was noted for seeds, processed in static mode for 9 min at 6 mТ, 3 Hz/16 Hz. A decline in sowing properties did not exceed 6 %, indicating the preserving effect of the electromagnetic field.
Influence of different environmental factors on the degradation of fibrous samples based on polylactic acid and poly-3-hydroxybuturate was studied in this work. The article presents data obtained by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The hydrolytic degradation of nonwoven fibers, degradation in soil and under UV light were investigated. It was found that the degree of degradation of the material obtained from the 5% PHB solution was higher than from 7 and 9 %. It was shown that after 60 days of soil exposure, the samples of nonwoven fibers PLA and PLA-PHB collapsed into fragments and melting temperature of both samples was reduced by 11-12 °C. The degree of crystallinity also significantly decreased.
Nonwoven fibrous materials from biodegradable polymers: polylactide and poly-3-hydroxybutyrate were obtained. Water vapor sorption by nonwoven fiber samples was investigated. It was determined that the substrate of non-woven material does not have a negative impact on the growth and development of cress plants. It is shown that the studied fiber samples are actively subjected to destruction in the soil, on the sample of PLA-PHB composition is decomposed faster than pure PLA.
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