Hepatitis E is an acute viral infectious disease transmitted by fecal-oral route mainly through fecally contaminated drinking water, with cyclic outbreaks and frequent development of acute hepatic encephalopathy in pregnant women. Hepatitis E epidemic outbreaks occur in Central Asia, Africa and Latin America, whereasChina,India,Turkmenistan,Kazakhstan,Tajikistan,Uzbekistan,Kyrgyzstan,Bolivia,Mexico, andTaiwanrepresent endemic geographic regions. Hepatitis E in the structure of acute viral hepatitis morbidity during outbreaks ranges from 64.7% to 80%, whereas sporadic morbidity may be up to 10 to 18.8%. In contrast, percentage of hepatitis E in acute viral hepatitis varies from 0.5% to 12.6% in European countries and some territories of theRussian Federation. The latent active virus circulation was confirmed in various regions of theRussian Federation. All introduced cases were related to recent traveling to the regions with high incidence of hepatitis E, which course clinically did not differ from standard hepatitis E infection, but no cases of infection were recorded after exposure. Lack of contact transmission in this case was associated with low virus survival in environment. Patients with any clinical form including anicteric serve as a source of infection. An increased risk of hepatitis E infection is typical for livestock workers dealing with pigs, employe es of meat processing plants engaged in primary meat carcass processing and working at slaughterhouse. According to the World Health Organization, 20 million cases of hepatitis E virus infection are recorded annually, among which 3 million cases account for acute hepatitis E and related 70 000 lethal outcomes. Chronic liver disorders comprising up to 70% followed by death of pregnant women (40%) as well as acute liver and kidney failure reaching as low as 4% result in lethal outcome in hepatitis E patients. Creating a mathematical model for development of hepatitis E infection could allow to predict changes in its morbidity rate at controlled area. Here, for the first time we propose a mathematical model for developing hepatitis E in human population based on disease course, which may potentially predict an incidence rate for the most dangerous icteric hepatitis E as well as assess amount of individuals susceptible to it at morbidity rise in the geographic region.
Резюме. Вакцинопрофила ктика эпидемического паротита в РФ проводится с 1981 г. Иммунизация населения позволила в более чем в 600 раз снизить заболеваемость по сравнению с довакцинальным периодом, облегчить течение болезни, ликвидировать смертность. Иммунизация населения России осуществляется отечественной моно-и дивакциной из штамма Л-3. Вакцинация и ревакцинация против эпидемического паротита безопасна и высоко эффективна.
государственная фармацевтическая академия» Минздрава России 2 ФГБНУ «НИИ вакцин и сывороток им. И. И. Мечникова», Москва 3 ФГБОУ ВО «Пермский государственный медицинский университет имени академика Е.А. Вагнера» Минздрава России Эпидемический паротит в России: эпидемическая ситуация, основные задачи и пути решения Резюме Актуальность. Во втором десятилетии XXI века эпидемический паротит по-прежнему привлекает внимание ученых и практиков всего мира своей эпидемиологической, социальной и экономической значимостью. Установлено повсеместное, но неравномерное распространение паротитной инфекции в различных регионах мира: в Европе, Восточном Средиземноморье, Юго-Восточной Азии, Африке, Америке и западной части Тихого океана. Цель работы. Осветить современное состояние заболеваемости эпидемическим паротитом в Российской Федерации. Выводы. Современная эпидемическая ситуация по эпидемическому паротиту в Российской Федерации, характеризующаяся преобладанием в возрастной структуре заболеваемости подростков и лиц молодого трудоспособного возраста, определяет необходимость разработки и внедрения в медицинскую деятельность стандартного определения клинического случая эпидемического паротита для правильной верификации диагноза с последующим лабораторным подтверждением. Появление феномена «повзросления» эпидемического паротита и регистрация периодических вспышек в многолетней практики вакцинации диктует необходимость совершенствования дальнейшей тактики вакцинопрофилактики с акцентом на взрослое население в рамках реализации Национального календаря профилактических прививок.
Influenza is a major challenge to global healthcare due to its high transmissivity and ability to cause major epidemics. Influenza epidemics and pandemics are associated with changes in the society structure that contribute to the spread of new viral strains in certain environmental and social settings. Currently, influenza is one of the most common global diseases that results in annual epidemics or even pandemics, often leading to lethal outcome. Influenza viruses are uniquely prone to variability via point mutations, recombination and gene reassortment accompanied with changes in their biological properties considered as the main cause of uncontrolled infection spread. Hence, examining cohorts of predisposed individuals by using probability models provides not only additional information about viral outbreaks, but also allows monitoring dynamics of viral epidemics in controlled areas. Understanding influenza epidemiology is crucial for restructuring healthcare resources. Public healthcare service mainly relies on influenza vaccination. However, there are vulnerable cohorts such as elderly and immunocompromised individuals, which usually contain no protective antiinfluenza virus antibody level. Despite advances in the developing vaccines and chemotherapy, large-scale influenza epidemics still continue to emerge. Upon that, no reliable methods for disease prognosis based on rate of ongoing epidemic situation are currently available. Monitoring and predicting emerging epidemics is complicated due to discrepancy between dynamics of influenza epidemics that might be evaluated by using surveillance data as well as platform for tracking influenza incidence rate. However, it may be profoundly exacerbated by mutations found in the influenza virus genome by altering genuine morbidity dynamics. Use of probabilistic models for assessing parameters of stochastic epidemics would contribute to more accurately predicted changes in morbidity rate. Here, an SIR+A probabilistic model considering a relationship between infected, susceptible and protected individuals as well as the aggressiveness of external risks for predicting changes in influenza morbidity rate that allowed to evaluate and predict the 2016 ARVI influenza incidence rate in Moscow area. Moreover, introducing an intensity of infection parameter allows to conduct a reliable analysis of incidence rate and predict its changes.
Резюме. Известно, что функционирование многих белков и ферментов зависит от степени гидратации их поверх-ностей. В наших исследованиях в качестве модели поверхностного антигенного вирусного белка была выбрана нейраминидаза (NA) вируса гриппа. С помощью модели адсорбции Брунауэра-Эммета-Теллера (БЭТ) рассчита-ны величины монослоя воды (a m ) при различных значениях упругости паров воды. Из полученных изотерм БЭТ можно сделать вывод о наличии гистерезиса, заключающегося в различном значении монослоя a m при сорбции и десорбции воды с поверхности фермента, что связано, вероятно, с высокой степенью кооперативности обра-зующейся гидратной оболочки. Максимальное связывание молекул воды наблюдалось при значении упругости паров p/p S = 0,65 и составило a m = 224 молекулы воды на одну молекулу фермента. При сопоставлении с расчетной площадью поверхности тетрамера NA (S = 256 нм 2 ) и учитывая максимальную площадь проекции молекулы воды можно сделать вывод о полном покрытии монослоем воды всей поверхности фермента. При данном значении am наблюдалась максимальная активность NA, минимум активности фермента приходился при значении a m = 98 молекул воды на молекулу фермента, что соответствовало значению упругости паров воды p/p S = 0,38. Таким об-разом, для NA вируса гриппа показана зависимость ферментативной активности от степени гидратации поверх-ности фермента. Получена зависимость иммуногенности вируса гриппа от степени гидратации NA. I.I. Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera, Moscow, Russian FederationAbstract. It is known that the functioning of many proteins and enzymes depends on the degree of hydration of their surfaces. In our studies, neuraminidase (NA) of influenza virus was selected as a model for surface antigenic viral protein.The Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) model of adsorption was used to calculate the values of water monolayer (a m ) at different values of water vapor pressure. The obtained BET isotherms allow for concluding that hysteresis takes place manifested by the difference between the monolayer a m values for sorption and desorption of water from the surface of the enzyme, which is probably associated with a high degree of cooperation of the hydration shell formed. The maximum binding of water molecules was observed for the vapor pressure p/ps value of 0.65 and was a m = 224 water molecules per a molecule of the enzyme. Basing on the calculated surface area of a NA tetramer (S = 256 nm 2 ) and the maximum projection area of water molecule, it may be concluded that the entire surface of the enzyme is completely covered with a water monolayer. For said a m value the maximum activity of NA was observed, whereas the minimum enzyme activity corresponded to the am value of 98 water molecules per a molecule of the enzyme, which corresponded to the water vapor pressure p/p S value of 0.38. Thus, for the influenza virus NA protein a dependency of the enzymatic activity on the degree of hydration of the surface of the enzyme is demonstrated. The dependence of immunogenicity of influenza virus fro...
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