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Enuresis as an independent pathology in children over 5 years old occurs quite often, and amounts to 5–17% depending on the age. For a long time, the focus of research into this pathology has been on monosymptomatic enuresis, which is both a symptom and the main manifestation of the disease (nighttime urination incontinence). In-depth study into the problem of enuresis was initiated more than 20 years ago by prof. E.L. Vishnevsky in the Moscow City Center of Pathology of urination at the Speransky Children's City Clinical Hospital № 9. As a result of the work carried out jointly at several Russian centres in Moscow, Petrozavodsk, Sevastopol and Anadyr by children’s urologists, neurologists, nephrologists and paediatricians, a conclusion was reached on encuresis as a manifestation of comorbid conditions. The article presents the results of of the clinical studies in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), overactive bladder (OAB), metabolic nephropathies, and other somatic pathologies in which enuresis was a manifested clinical syndrome. Differential diagnosis and effective treatment tactics in such cases require more thorough research using clinical, neurophysiological and instrumental methods, which makes it possible to establish a diagnosis in a timely manner and administer an adequate therapy.

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