The present article is an extended version of the report delivered at the meeting of the Presidium of the Russian Academy of Education. The paper introduces an authentic structural and dynamic model of the system of value orientations of the individual and social communities. The model was tested in a series of psychological studies over the past 20 years. The research objective was to verify the authentic structural-dynamic model of value orientations in psychological research and psychological practice. The author used a wide range of psychodiagnostic techniques, focus group research, questionnaire survey, and authentic methodology for the study of the value structure of mass consciousness, etc. The experiments resulted in a set of data that characterize the features of the selected value types, i.e. adapting, socializing, and individualizing. These value types are characterized by a focus on different in their origin and level of development of the value system. They differ in such significant features as the level of meaningfulness of life, internality, and self-actualization. They also have a distinct specificity of the time perspective and life strategy of the individual, as well as the regulation of social behavior. The revealed psychological characteristics of value types open the possibility of forecasting social behavior, as well as the development of technologies for psychological and pedagogical support of the formation of a Pro-social hierarchy of values. The proposed structural-dynamic model is applicable to the characteristics of individual systems of value orientations and the value structure of mass consciousness of different communities. It can explain the patterns of social behavior of community members. The model can be used in psychological science and practice.
In accordance with the methodology of the constructivist approach, the personal identity manifested as a unique self-image is regarded as a dynamic hierarchical system. Under the approach based on M. Kuhn and T. McPartland’s test, we have developed and put into practice a special questionnaire, which allows ranking 16 categories in terms of their importance. These categories reflect social role components of identity in the main spheres of life, thus presenting an individual or a group identity structure as an orderly hierarchy. Based on a sample of 1251 students of various sex, age, nationality, confession, residence and field of study, we have proved that affiliation to a certain social or cultural group influences the hierarchy of identity components. The study has shown that gender and professional affiliation are of highest impact on the significance of identity components, as well as, albeit less substantial, belonging to a particular ethnoreligious group and being the resident of a certain region. Sociocultural affiliation in all instances was an important differentiating characteristic, which determined the disparities in significance of the respective basis of the identity in the hierarchy. At the same time, sociocultural affiliation in most cases had an effect on the importance of less than a half of the other identity components, thus determining the general structure of the identity. In conclusion, gender, educational and professional, ethnic, confessional or regional sociocultural group is a significant social determinant of personal development in the formation of the self-image hierarchy, which underlies the characteristics and structure of one’s identity.
The image of the world is a set of space-temporal and value-semantic chronotopic components. It is a functional system of psychological adaptation to the constant changes in the human lifeworld. The COVID-19 pandemic is a model of severe changes in lifeworld and lifestyle. The research objective was to identify the chronotopic characteristics of the image of the world in a crisis. The study was conducted twice, i.e. before the outbreak and during the period of maximum restrictions, and featured 92 people. The COVID-19 pandemic transformed the structure of the image of the world. The changes occurred in the orientation of the identification of one's characteristics, followed by a certain reorientation of these characteristics from the national and civil identity to the human one. The family-role components of the self-image became more significant. The past perspective expanded, while the future perspective shrank. The emotional coloring of the present became more negative, the past was seen as positive, while the future appeared moderately optimistic. All three time modes proved to be more event-filled. These processes were observed against the background of the polarization of value preferences. The level of meaningfulness of life showed multidirectional dynamics, probably, as a result of different crisis-coping mechanisms with different levels of productivity. The pandemic restructured all components of the image of the world, which had a mobilizing and productive character.
Введение. Целью обзорной статьи стало изучение используемых в психокоррекционной практике компьютерных программ, направленных на восстановление когнитивных функций у пациентов кардиологического профиля. В настоящее время наблюдается высокая распространенность нарушений когнитивной сферы среди лиц пожилого возраста в российской популяции. В том числе снижение когнитивного функционирования в силу влияния заболевания возникает у пациентов кардиологического профиля, что приводит к проблемам социальной адаптации и снижает их качество жизни. В связи с этим требуется изучение существующих компьютерных программ когнитивной реабилитации для пациентов кардиологического профиля. Теоретическое обоснование. По результатам теоретического обзора представлены основные критерии выбора программ когнитивной реабилитации при работе с пациентами, страдающими кардиологическими заболеваниями, а также особенности восстановления когнитивных функций. На основании анализа российских и зарубежных исследований обозначен ряд рекомендаций и ограничений по применению программ когнитивной реабилитации. Результаты и их обсуждение. По результатам анализа ряда исследований дано описание структуры нарушений когнитивной сферы у пациентов кардиологического профиля. Выделены параметры нарушений когнитивной сферы при кардиологических заболеваниях. Представлено описание нарушений управляющих (лобных) функций: выбора цели, устойчивости внимания, переключаемости. Среди актуальных в настоящее время платформ, используемых для восстановления когнитивных функций, были выделены следующие: Constant Therapy, Cognifit, Brain+, My Aphasia Coach, Lingraphica, Prologue2go, Tactus therapy, Soch Genie, Lumosity, Neuro Nation, Memorado, Wikium, Brain Apps, B-trainika. По результатам исследования указано, что при выборе коррекционной компьютерной программы необходимо учитывать наличие гибкой системы настроек и модульной архитектуры, а также возможности изменения настроек сложности под степень когнитивных нарушений пациента. Заключение. Данная информация может быть полезна врачам, медицинским психологам, дефектологам, программистам при выборе или разработке программ по восстановлению нарушенных когнитивных функций у пациентов кардиологического профиля.
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