In accordance with the methodology of the constructivist approach, the personal identity manifested as a unique self-image is regarded as a dynamic hierarchical system. Under the approach based on M. Kuhn and T. McPartland’s test, we have developed and put into practice a special questionnaire, which allows ranking 16 categories in terms of their importance. These categories reflect social role components of identity in the main spheres of life, thus presenting an individual or a group identity structure as an orderly hierarchy. Based on a sample of 1251 students of various sex, age, nationality, confession, residence and field of study, we have proved that affiliation to a certain social or cultural group influences the hierarchy of identity components. The study has shown that gender and professional affiliation are of highest impact on the significance of identity components, as well as, albeit less substantial, belonging to a particular ethnoreligious group and being the resident of a certain region. Sociocultural affiliation in all instances was an important differentiating characteristic, which determined the disparities in significance of the respective basis of the identity in the hierarchy. At the same time, sociocultural affiliation in most cases had an effect on the importance of less than a half of the other identity components, thus determining the general structure of the identity. In conclusion, gender, educational and professional, ethnic, confessional or regional sociocultural group is a significant social determinant of personal development in the formation of the self-image hierarchy, which underlies the characteristics and structure of one’s identity.
The image of the world is a set of space-temporal and value-semantic chronotopic components. It is a functional system of psychological adaptation to the constant changes in the human lifeworld. The COVID-19 pandemic is a model of severe changes in lifeworld and lifestyle. The research objective was to identify the chronotopic characteristics of the image of the world in a crisis. The study was conducted twice, i.e. before the outbreak and during the period of maximum restrictions, and featured 92 people. The COVID-19 pandemic transformed the structure of the image of the world. The changes occurred in the orientation of the identification of one's characteristics, followed by a certain reorientation of these characteristics from the national and civil identity to the human one. The family-role components of the self-image became more significant. The past perspective expanded, while the future perspective shrank. The emotional coloring of the present became more negative, the past was seen as positive, while the future appeared moderately optimistic. All three time modes proved to be more event-filled. These processes were observed against the background of the polarization of value preferences. The level of meaningfulness of life showed multidirectional dynamics, probably, as a result of different crisis-coping mechanisms with different levels of productivity. The pandemic restructured all components of the image of the world, which had a mobilizing and productive character.
The officers profession is of particular interest to psychology due to its deontological load and the complexity of moral and ethical foundations, when the humanistic orientation towards the protection of people and society presupposes a readiness to use the necessary violence. The study attempts to reveal this dialectic by analysing the content of the personal value-semantic sphere considered by Russian National Guard officers in terms of their professional orientation towards ensuring security. Methodologically, the study is based on the provisions of the value-semantic theory and the emerging theory of the psychology of personal security, according to which security is understood as a special value-semantic dimension that determines the subjects attitude to danger. The purpose of the study is to identify the professional value-semantic orientations of the officers and analyse them in terms of their focus on ensuring security, in the dynamics of their formation in the process of professional training, using the example of officer candidates (cadets) of the Russian National Guard troops, whose activities have clear axiological grounds. The research base comprised all existing military institutes of the Russian National Guard troops. The subjects were cadets ( N = 779). The research methods were non-formalised written surveys, verbalised self-reports on experimental tasks, content analysis, experiment, qualitative analysis, theoretical analysis and methods of mathematical statistics. Based on the results of the study, we could identify the core values of an officer (patriotism, military duty, security of the state and society, responsibility for subordinates, military partnership and tolerance) and describe the motives for choosing a military career and professional ideas about the ideal officer (the prevailing image of a defender, a professional who is able to effectively ensure the safety and defence of the Fatherland). It was found that the value orientations of the officers as well as the sense-making motives for their choosing military careers are closely related to the focus of professional activity on ensuring security. The study showed that, under a purposeful psychological and pedagogical influence, the cadets internally accepted all the highlighted professionally important values. In this case, the value of security was the most sensitive to the influence. In the conclusions, it is noted that the value of security of the state and society is one of the elements of the system of value-semantic orientations of the officers personality, and it is assumed that, since other professional values of the officer are related to security in semantic unity, the professional focus on ensuring security is one of the system-forming foundations of the value-semantic orientations of the officers personality.
Введение. Целью обзорной статьи стало изучение используемых в психокоррекционной практике компьютерных программ, направленных на восстановление когнитивных функций у пациентов кардиологического профиля. В настоящее время наблюдается высокая распространенность нарушений когнитивной сферы среди лиц пожилого возраста в российской популяции. В том числе снижение когнитивного функционирования в силу влияния заболевания возникает у пациентов кардиологического профиля, что приводит к проблемам социальной адаптации и снижает их качество жизни. В связи с этим требуется изучение существующих компьютерных программ когнитивной реабилитации для пациентов кардиологического профиля. Теоретическое обоснование. По результатам теоретического обзора представлены основные критерии выбора программ когнитивной реабилитации при работе с пациентами, страдающими кардиологическими заболеваниями, а также особенности восстановления когнитивных функций. На основании анализа российских и зарубежных исследований обозначен ряд рекомендаций и ограничений по применению программ когнитивной реабилитации. Результаты и их обсуждение. По результатам анализа ряда исследований дано описание структуры нарушений когнитивной сферы у пациентов кардиологического профиля. Выделены параметры нарушений когнитивной сферы при кардиологических заболеваниях. Представлено описание нарушений управляющих (лобных) функций: выбора цели, устойчивости внимания, переключаемости. Среди актуальных в настоящее время платформ, используемых для восстановления когнитивных функций, были выделены следующие: Constant Therapy, Cognifit, Brain+, My Aphasia Coach, Lingraphica, Prologue2go, Tactus therapy, Soch Genie, Lumosity, Neuro Nation, Memorado, Wikium, Brain Apps, B-trainika. По результатам исследования указано, что при выборе коррекционной компьютерной программы необходимо учитывать наличие гибкой системы настроек и модульной архитектуры, а также возможности изменения настроек сложности под степень когнитивных нарушений пациента. Заключение. Данная информация может быть полезна врачам, медицинским психологам, дефектологам, программистам при выборе или разработке программ по восстановлению нарушенных когнитивных функций у пациентов кардиологического профиля.
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