This review highlights the current state of phenotypic mechanisms of regulation of muscle protein metabolism in animals. Since the skeletal muscle represents 40–50% of body mass in mammals it is a critical regulator of overall metabolism. Therefore, an understanding of the processes involved in the postnatal increase in muscle mass, with associated accumulation of protein, is fundamental. Throughout life, a delicate balance exists between protein synthesis and degradation that is essential for growth and normal health of humans and animals. Signaling pathways coordinate muscle protein balance. Anabolic and catabolic stimuli are integrated through the PKB/Akt-mTORC1 signaling to regulate mechanisms that control muscle protein synthesis and breakdown. At an early periods of intensive growth, muscle mass is stimulated by an increase in protein synthesis at the level of mRNA translation. Throughout the life, proteolytic processes including autophagy lysosomal system, ubiquitin proteasome pathway, calcium-dependent calpains and cysteine protease caspase enzyme cascade influence the growth of muscle mass. Several signal transmission networks direct and coordinate these processes along with quality control mechanisms to maintain protein homeostasis (proteostasis). Genetic factors, hormones, amino acids, phytoecdysteroids, and rhodanines affect the protein metabolism via signaling pathways, changing the ability and / or efficiency of muscle growth.
One of the approaches to creating biologically active additives for use in pig breeding can be the use of 20-hydroxyecdysone regulating protein metabolism in piglets. The purpose of the work is to assess the effect of 20-hydroxyecdysone on turnover of protein in piglets. The experiment was carried out on barrows (♂ Danish Yorkshire × ♀ Danish landrace) to achieve a live weight of 53-62 kg. At the age of 60 days, 2 groups of piglets were formed: control and experimental. Piglets of the experimental group were injected with 20-hydroxyecdysone at a dose of 1.6 mg / kg body weight. In piglets of the experimental group, in comparison with the control, a decrease in the excretion of nitrogen in the urine was noted (by 26.8%, P <0.05). Nitrogen deposition was higher in piglets of the experimental group by 19.0% (P <0.001) compared with the control. 20-hydroxyecdysone contributed to increased protein deposition in the body of piglets due to protein synthesizing activity. Thus, the use of 20-hydroxyecdysone in pigs increases the efficiency of using amino acids for the synthesis and deposition of proteins in the body.
At present, the class of rhodanine com-pounds containing 4-oxo-2-thioxo-1,3-thiazolidine residues is very promising in the development of medical and veterinary drugs. The purpose of the work is to develop a chemical compound 3- (2-phenylethyl) -2-thioxo-1,3 thiazolidin-4-one (XC-3-2-FE-2-TO-1,3T-4-OH) based on clathrate with β- cyclodextrin (CD) - a supramolecular com-pound (CMC) with improved biopharmaceu-tical properties (solubility and bioavailabil-ity). The lattice clathrates KhS-3-2-FE-2-TO-1,3T-4-OHa with CD were synthesized at the ratios of their masses 1: 5 and 1:10. CMC is a crystalline powder of white with a yellow tint with a particle size of less than 100 nm. For the first time, a method was developed for the quantitative determination of CHS-3-2-FE-2-TO-1,3T-4-OHa in the blood plasma of dogs by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). In the range of 0.2-4.0 μg / ml, the calibration curve is linear for ChS-3-2-FE-2-TO-1,3T-4-OH, while the regression equation is described by y = 3.977 + 30.343 × X, s the coefficient of accuracy of the approximation equal to R2 = 0.999. The lower limit of quantitative detec-tion is 10 ng / ml. The average maximum concentrations (Cmax) of ChC-3-2-FE-2-TO-1,3T-4-OHa in the blood plasma of dogs with it, as well as in the form of a clathrate single oral administration, respectively, were 0.66 ± 0, 25 and 3.03 ± 0.82 μg / ml (P≤0.05). The average values of the parame-ter AUC (0 → t) with the introduction of ChS-3-2-FE-2-TO-1,3T-4-On and its clath-rate with CD, respectively, were 4.07 ± 2.15 μg × h / ml and 24.58 ± 5.66 μg × h / ml (P≤0.05). According to a pharmacokinetic study, the best bioavailability (DB) is pos-sessed by the C-3-2-FE-2-TO-1,3T-4-OHa clathrate with CD in a ratio of 1: 5, the ob-tained DB value is 6.4 times higher than the same the value of the original compound. It was concluded that, in terms of biopharma-ceutical properties, the most promising agent for medical and veterinary use is the XC-3-2-FE-2-TO-1,3T-4-OHa clathrate with CD with a mass ratio of 1: 5 and an average par-ticle size of 40.5 nm
The effectiveness of using 20-hydroxyecdysone in the diet of piglets during the growing period and its effect on the formation of natural resistance, the antioxidant defense system of the body and their meat productivity were studied. The introduction of 20-hydroxyecdysone into the diet at the rate of 30 mg per kg of feed positively influenced on the bactericidal and lysozyme activity of blood serum, which in the experimental group were higher by 12,9 and 14,0%, respectively, compared with the control. The activity of superoxide dismutase and catalase enzymes in blood plasma in piglets of the experimental group was statistically significantly higher compared to the control. On the contrary, the content of malondialdehyde in blood plasma was statistically significantly lower in piglets of the experimental group compared with the control (17,1%, P≤0,01). In piglets of the experimental group, in comparison with the control, the output of muscle tissue (by 5,3%, P≤0,01), the area of the “muscle eye” (34,5%, P≤0,05) was statistically significantly higher, with less adipose tissue outlet.
Search of new surfactants on the basis of secondary aminesOptimal conditions for the alkylation of secondary amines was developed. Sodium salts of the alkinilksantogenats were synthesized by reaction of obtained alkylamines with carbon disulfide and their flotation activity were tested.
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