One of the main causes for adverse reactions development is not taking into account the pharmacokinetics of drugs and the dose. Pharmacokinetics of drugs is mostly defined by the cytochrome P-450 isoenzymes activity, carboxylesterases and many other isoenzymes of drug metabolism, as well as ADME transporters (P-gp etc.) which take part in the process of drug metabolism. The activity of these isoenzymes is defined by the genetic aspects of patients and non-genetic aspects such as comorbidity and drug-drug interactions. The development of complex algorithms for personalization of therapy based on the results of pharmacogenetic studies and in the form of a decision support system will play an important role in reduction of adverse drug reactions. A lot can be achieved for personalization of Direct Oral Anticoagulants for treatment of cardiovascular diseases. New approaches are being developed based on the results of pharmacogenetic and pharmacokinetic testing that will help diminish adverse effects of drugs.
Introduction: Phenazepam is the Russian original benzodiazepine tranquilizer. We conducted first pharmacogenetic study on Phenazepam’s safety in patients with alcohol withdrawal syndrome. Isoenzymes CYP3A4, CYP3A5, CYP2C9, and CYP2C19 are involved into benzodiazepine tranquilizers’ metabolism.Aim: To determine predictive value of CYP3A5, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, and CYP2D6 genetic polymorphisms and their haplotypes for adverse reaction risk associated with the treatment with phenazepam.Materials and methods: The study enrolled 102 male patients with non-comlicated alcohol withdrawal syndrome (F10.3 by ICD-10) who entered the study group in 24 hours after the admission to hospital and was administered Phenazepam for 6 days. Therapy safety was evaluated with UKU Side Effects Rating Scale on the 6th day of treatment. 5 ml of venous blood was collected from each participant for genotyping to detect CYP3A5*3, CYP2С9*2, CYP2C9*3, CYP2C19*2, CYP2C19*3, CYP2C19*17, and CYP2D6*4 polymorphisms by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Haplotype analysis was performed by SNPStats online-tool. Statistical analysis was made in SPSS Statistics 21.0.Results: In overall sample (n=102) CYP2C9*3 increased risk of «Increased duration of sleep» (OR 1.46; 95% CI 1.11−1.9; p=0.037) and «Constipation» (OR 13.1; 95% CI 1.44−119.2; p=0.02). The following results in subgroup «Phenazepam’s monotherapy» (n=64) were observed: CYP3A5*3 increased global severity of adverse drug reactions according to patient’s opinion (OR 2.79; 95% CI 1.26−6.22; p=0.031); CYP2C9*3 led to «Increased duration of sleep» (OR 1.57; 95% CI 1.14−2.17; p=0.034). Haplotype CYP3A5*3-CYP2C19*2-CYP2C19*17 (G-G-T) was associated with increased risk of «Concentration difficulties (OR 2.86; 95% CI 0.96−8.50; p=0.061).Conclusion: The study findings confirmed that CYP2C9*3, CYP3A5*3, and CYP2C19*2 polymorphisms can decrease the phenazepam safety rate in patients with alcohol withdrawal syndrome. The result of haplotype analysis revealed that only CYP3A5*3-CYP2C19*2-CYP2C19*17 (G-G-T) can be used as a significant predictor of adverse reaction to phenazepam.
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