Abstract. Among grain crops, winter rye is one of the most popular crops, well adapted to the conditions of the North-West. Currently, most breeders use various selection indices in conjunction with the definition of stress resistance. Purpose. The aim is to study the collection samples of winter rye by yield and elements of the productivity structure and to identify the most adaptive for breeding in the conditions of the North-Western region. Methods. The experimental part was carried out at the VIR pilot site during 2018-2021 located in the North-Western region. The following were determined: Mexican index (Mx), Canadian index (Ki), linear ear density index (LPC), plant productivity index (IPR), Finnish-Scandinavian index (FSj), prospects index (J.P), index of the ratio of the mass of 1000 grains to the number of grains in the ear (j). The calculation of stress resistance parameters was carried out using the following indicators: stress resistance (Ymin- Y max), genetic flexibility (Ymin+Ymax)/2, stability of the variety (Ymin/Ymax), stress resistance coefficient (Kst.) was determined by A.A. Bykov. Results. The best conditions for the formation of yields were in 2020 and 2021 (Ij = +2.03; +1.8). In 2018 and 2019 – unfavorable (Ij = -1.3; -2.5). The maximum yield was obtained in 2020 in diploid rye varieties: Ophelia (10.3 t/ha) and Yaselda (9.0 t/ha), in tetraploid varieties Siberia 4. The results of these studies showed that the greatest advantage have variety: Siberia (Ʃ rank= 41), Eureka (Ʃ rank=55), ilmenite (Ʃ rank= 55), Ophelia (Ʃ rank=56), Siberia 4 (Ʃ rank= 58), Verisim (Ʃ rank= 59). Scientific novelty lies in the study of 12 varieties – seven diploids and five tetraploid winter rye. Thanks to the evaluation of varieties, they are divided according to the reaction of varieties to the environmental condition, stress-resistant and non-resistant.
Background. An extremely important task today is to develop new hulless barley cultivars, capable of yielding large and high-quality grain harvests, and introduce them into agricultural production. Objective. The purpose was to study three hulless barley cultivars ‘Omsky golozerny 2’, ‘Omsky golozerny 4’ and ‘Maysky’, developed at Omsk Agrarian Scientific Center, in order to describe their agrobiological characteristics.Materials and methods. The experimental part of the work was carried out in 2015–2017 on the experimental fields of Omsk ASC in the southern forest steppe (third crop rotation after the wheat predecessor; fourth crop after fallow). There were 4 replications on the plot of 10 m2. The seeding rate was 4 million viable seeds per 1 ha. Agricultural practice used in the experiments was conventional for West Siberia. Parameters of stability and plasticity were calculated according to Eberhart and Russell, Wricke; adaptability, according to Zhivotkov; homeostasis, according to Khangildin; stress tolerance and compensatory ability, according to Rossielle and Hemblin.Results. Many years of breeding work at Omsk ASC resulted in the development of three hulless barley cultivars: ‘Omsky golozerny 2’ (listed in the State Register of the Russian Federation for regions 9, 10 and 11), ‘Omsky golozerny 4’ (submitted for the State Crop Variety Trials in 2017), and ‘Maysky’ (not included in the State Register). The new hulless barley cultivar ‘Omsky golozerny 4’, considering its higher productivity (+1.36 g to the reference in 1000 grain weight, and +0.73 t/ha to cv. ‘Maysky’), in the yield of nutrients per area unit equaled the reference ‘Omsky golozerny 2’, but exceeded ‘Maysky’ (+47.2 kg/ha of protein, +390 kg/ha of starch, and +42.4 kg/ha of crude fat). ‘Omsky golozerny 4’ was also characterized by stability (stability = 4.8), increased compensatory ability (3.29) and adaptability (103%). There was an increase in productivity with improved growing conditions (ecological plasticity = 1.25). ‘Maysky’ had higher stress tolerance (–1.35), while the reference ‘Omsky golozerny 2’ showed increased homeostasis (0.118). Thus, ‘Omsky golozerny 4’ exceeded the previous two cultivars in adaptability and stability.
Background. In Leningrad Province, winter rye is an irreplaceable cereal crop for food and feed. At present, a reduction of the acreage under rye is observed. This situation may be changed by developing rye cultivars capable of maintaining high and stable protein content across variable natural environments.The objective of the research encompassed 9 winter rye cultivars developed by V. D. Kobylyansky and O. V. Solodukhina at VIR, all recommended for cultivation in this area.Materials and methods. The experimental part of the work was carried out in 2012–2017 in the fields of Pushkin and Pavlovsk Laboratories of VIR. Nine low-pentosan winter rye cultivars bred at VIR were analyzed. Sowing time was within the period from August 28 to September 11. Agricultural practice used in the experiments was conventional for the Northwestern Region. The area of the plot was 10 m2; there were three replications. Seeding rate was 350 seeds/m2 or 3.5 million viable seeds per hectare. Analysis of variance was used for mathematical processing. Parameters of adaptability, stability, plasticity and stress resistance were calculated for the “grain protein content” indicator.Results. Protein content in grain for the studied winter rye cultivars in the environments of the Northwest region averaged 10.3% and varied from 8.7% to 12.2% depending on environmental conditions and hereditary features of the cultivars. It was confirmed by the results of the analysis of variance: the share of the ‘year of trial’ factor’s effect on protein content was 71.9%. The best conditions for increased protein content were observed in 2012, 2013 and 2016 (10.7%, 11.9% and 12.2%, respectively). The analysis of average protein content in grain showed that the cultivars ‘Ilmen’, ‘Vavilovskaya’, ‘Krasnoyarskaya universalnaya’, Novaya Era, ‘Yantarnaya’ exceeded the reference cultivar ‘Era’ by (1.0 – 10.0%). The most adaptable in the context of grain protein content under the conditions of the Northwestern Region were the winter rye cultivars ‘Ilmen’, ‘Era’, ‘Yantarnaya’, Novaya Era, and Rushnik 2. The sum of their ranks according to the coefficients of variation (V), environmental plasticity (O), relative trait stability (St²) and homeostasis (Hom), as well as each cultivar’s adaptability coefficient (AC), stress resistance level (Y min – Y max) and compensatory ability (Y min + Y max/2), was 13–31 units.Conclusion. Rye cultivars ‘Ilmen’, ‘Era’, ‘Yantarnaya’, Novaya Era, and Rushnik 2 possess high adaptability and can maintain high protein content levels in grain under widely varied environmental conditions in the Northwestern Region of Russia.
and the United States. The acreage allocated for the cultivation of rye in the world is declining (from 15.4 million ha in 1986 to 4.4 million ha in 2016). In all areas of cultivation rye has earned a reputation as the most adapted to the climatic conditions of the insurance culture of low economic risk. For the expansion of crops of rye and an increase in the gross yield of grain, it is necessary to create new varieties of rye. Currently, 94 gene banks in the world store 22,200 samples of winter and spring rye. Gene banks are located around the world; the largest of them-the N.I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources (3260 samples)-is located in Russia. The collection of the world's genetic resources of rye, concentrated in storage and propagated in the fields, contains varieties, donors, populations and lines of cultural, weed-field, wild, winter and spring rye. The collection is being constantly updated and replenished with new samples, the system of reliable storage and maintenance of the high viability of seeds is being improved, the sources of traits with value for breeding are being identified and studied, and donors are being created. Scientific, breeding and educational institutions are being supplied with source material. An electronic passport documentation system of the collection is being developed and integrated into the international system of genetic banks. In this paper, a brief analysis and cha
Background. For most regions of Russia, winter rye is an indispensable grain and fodder cereal. Recently, winter rye crops have been declining. It is possible to improve this situation by releasing cultivars that ensure consistently high grain productivity under various growing conditions. Therefore, measuring the level of adaptability for yields in different mathematical quantities using a variety of methods is an urgent need. Materials and methods. For an unprejudiced assessment of winter rye cultivars, the following adaptability parameters were calculated and analyzed: the intensity coefficient (I) and constancy of the stability index (Y) according to Udachin and Golovchenko; stability index (IS) according to Hangildin; range breadth (Jsp) according to Eberhart and Russell; breeding value (Sc) according to Hangildin; responsiveness coefficient (Cr.) according to Zykin; genotypic effect (Ɛi) according to Guryev; equalization coefficient (B) according to Dospekhov; multiplicativity coefficient (KM) according to Dragavtsev; and reaction effect (Er.) according to Novokhatin. Field experiments and the study of 8 winter rye cultivars were carried out according to VIR’s guidelines in 2012–2017. Results and conclusion. A significant variation was found in grain yield; it was induced by the high contribution of the “year” factor (79.4 %). The best conditions for higher yields were formed in 2012 and 2015. An analysis of the six-year average yield showed that cvs. ‘Rushnik 2’, ‘Bereginya’, and ‘Novaya Era’ exceeded ‘Ilmen’ by 5–22 %. It was shown that among the selected ten indicators, worth attention were the multiplicativity coefficient, the stability index, the breeding value index, the reaction effect of a cultivars, and the range breadth index: they established the adaptability level of a cultivar with higher statistical significance. Cvs. ‘Novaya Era’, ‘Yanrarnaya, ‘Bereginya’, and ‘Vavilovskaya’ from the analyzed set demonstrated high adaptability.
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