Свободные радикалы заняли прочное место среди принципов, объясняющих воз-никновения и развития опухолей. До сих пор нет однозначных представлений о роли этих чрезвычайно активных агентов в канцерогенезе. Экспериментальные результаты носят противоречивый, зачастую противоположный характер. Область исследования значения активности антиоксидантных систем по полученным результатам является не менее спорной. В связи с этим, актуальной проблемой является необходимость назначения антиоксидантов при онкологии. Противоопухолевые эффекты антиокси-дантов ставятся под сомнение во многих работах, что выдвигает на передний план целесообразность и адекватность их назначения. Неоднозначная роль свободных ра-дикалов в канцерогенезе обусловливает разработку терапевтических стратегий, осно-ванных на точной модуляции окислительных процессов.Ключевые слова: свободные радикалы, опухоли, рак, противоопухолевые пре-параты, антиоксиданты.
SummaryAdditional chromosomal abnormalities (ACA) are rather common in Ph+ acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). However, their prognostic significance in the era of protein tyrosine kinase inhibitors and allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) is still poorly known. A recent study [1] has shown that ACA exert unfavorable effect upon HSCT results in adult patients with Ph+ALL. Patients and methodsWe have performed a retrospective analysis of treatment results for a mixed cohort of the patients with Ph+ ALL, including 19 children (aged 5 -18 y.o.) and 46 adults (aged 19 -57 y.o.) who received allo-HSCT at our Institute over 2008 to 2015. Among sixty-five subjects with Ph+ ALL, the results of standard cytogenetic studies were available for 53 patients. ResultsThirty-three patients of 53 (51%) exhibited an isolated t(9;22) translocation. ACA were revealed in 20/53 patients (31%), including 13/53 (20%) subjects with 3 and more chromosome abnormalities. Chromosomes 1, 5, 7, 8, 9, 22 were most commonly affected with additional anomalies. Structural abnormalities attributable to ACA were imbalanced in 16 patients (80%), whereas only 4 patients (20%) showed balanced translocations. In a univariate analysis, significance was shown for the donor type (matched related and unrelated vs haploidentical, p=0.02), clinical stage at HSCT (1 st remission vs other stages, p=0.01, for EFS only), additional chromosomal abnormalities (ACA-negative vs ACA-positive, p=0.04, for OS only), and, in particular, complex chromosomal aberrations (<3 anomalies vs ≥3 anomalies, p=0.01, for OS only). According to multivariate analysis, the number of additional chromosomal abnormalities per karyotype (HR 2.79, р=0.01, for OS only) and clinical stage at HSCT (HR 2.15, 95% CI 1.13-4.09; р=0.01, for EFS only) are independent prognostic factors for clinical outcomes. ConclusionThe study has shown that complex chromosomal anomalies and the stage of disease at the moment of HSCT are independent prognostic factors in a mixed cohort of Ph+ ALL patients treated with hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. KeywordsAcute lymphoblastic leukemia, Ph 1 -positive, allo-HSCT, additional chromosomal abnormalities.
The article deals with the problem of dependence of the application effectiveness of legal norms on their correspondence to the present sociocultural context of the society. The author criticizes the voluntary approach to lawmaking, which doesn't contain a conceptual appeal to the historically formed value corpus, cultural traditions and mentality peculiarities, and also to the life world's content. The authoring team formulates the basic sociocultural imperatives, the observance of which, in the process of developing legal norms, is intended to provide a sufficiently high level of public sense of justice.
The article considers types and characteristics of special knowledge as well as legal status of persons applying special knowledge while civil and economic proceedings. The Article purpose is to identify existing gaps in civil and economic procedural legislation in relation to various forms of implementing special knowledge based on the analysis of description of their common features and identification of their application peculiarities in civil and economic proceedings. When considering the comparative legal research method, similarities and differences in entities using special knowledge, namely in a specialist, translator, teacher, were established. The analysis of norms of the current procedural legislation enables to deduce that a number of forms of special knowledge use can be distinguished in civil and economic proceedings, namely: court expertise; competent individuals’ expertise without involving them in a trial; attracting competent persons to participate in civil or economic proceedings; using the results of forensic examinations: forensic reports. The issues of legal regulation for a translator candidate choice in civil or economic proceedings and the problem of translators’ incompetence in legal terminology are identified. Methods for improving participation of translators in the proceedings were established. The opinions and observations of scientists in the field of law on the use of special knowledge in the field of law were analyzed, and the possibility of conducting legal vetting while court proceedings was criticized. It was established that procedural definition of special knowledge must necessarily include their general scientific concept as direct substantive basis for the concept of procedural, and the latter will determine only boundaries and forms of this knowledge special use in civil and economic proceedings, as well as legally significant consequences of such use. The analysis of forms of special knowledge use in civil and economic proceedings provides grounds to consider that, except for special knowledge that is used in the form of forensic examination, other forms are also used which are given a detailed description.
The category of freedom (German “Freiheit”) is one of the fundamental values of the German political culture, which is reflected in the language. Within the framework of the political media discourse, the presented value category is actualized with the help of precedent statements - an important intertextual means of the media discourse with a high functional potential, the correct interpretation of which requires a researcher to know the language and linguistic realias. The study of precedent statements has an interdisciplinary character; it combines the study of factors of both linguistic and extralinguistic nature.
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