Experimental determination of ploughing quality and energy consumption carried out on loamy soils most common for the arable lands in European part of Russia. The field tests done for three standard types of mouldboard body surfaces: cultural, semi-helicoidal (cylindroid) and helicoidal. Results shows that bodies with cylindroid mouldboard surface had better soil crumbling against cultural (digger) body surfaces. Helicoidal bodies supplied better quality of soil layer turnover than cultural and semi-helicoidal ones. Designed plough construction allowed change ploughshares installation angles relative to the furrow line from 25 to 55°. Optimal ploughshares angle to the furrow line obtained 45…50°. The traction resistance force of the plough equipped with helicoidal bodies was measured 6…8% lower than cultural bodies and 3…4% lower than cylindroid ones at tractor speed 2.5…3.0 m-s-1.
The most important task in designing competitive agricultural machinery is the production of parts with long service life. The development of new technologies and materials determines the technical level of agricultural engineering. The plowshare blade is the most loaded and important part, as its parameters determine the quality, energy and economic indicators of the technological operation of plowing. (Research purpose) To determine and confi rm theoretically material and technological parameters of low quality level of domestic plowshares manufactured without the use of modern technologies. Then they analyze construction materials of plowshares and other parts of tillage implements produced by leading foreign companies, and come to a conclusion that lowand medium-carbon boron-containing alloyed and high-alloyed steels are used in their production. Leading global manufacturers of machine parts also often apply surface hardfacing with carbide coatings. (Results and discussion) The authors have theoretically and experimentally determined the directions of increasing the strength and durability of plowshare working tools. They have chosen basic materials for plowshares basing mainly on the strength parameters. They have conducted comparative laboratory tests of various materials and witness samples (including double-layer ones) for abrasive wear resistance on two bench installations; identifi ed materials for carbide coatings, clarifi ed the relative wear resistance coeffi cients of steel carbide layers recommended for use in the design of plowshares; and considered a technological method of hardening machine working tools. (Conclusions) The authors propose a simplifi ed computational procedure for selecting design and material parameters (thickness and width of hardening coatings) of plowshare blades and over-chisels, depending on the wear characteristics of the materials used and the plowshare thickness. They have stated mathematical relationships that determine the linear wear of plowshare blades and chisels depending on the characteristics of the materials used, design parameters, soil conditions and total operation time and carried out comparative operational and duration testing of newly developed plowshares. It has been shown that the marginal operating time of new products exceeds the duration indicators of serial counterparts in diff erent soil and climatic conditions in 3.5-5.5 times.
Studying the wear of soil-cutting working tools in the field conditions has certain difficulties associated with the impermanence of soil properties. The paper presents the results of a laboratory study of the power characteristics in the process of wearing of a soil-cutting wedge in an artificial abrasive soil medium. (Research purpose) To determine the nature of changes in cutting forces in vertical and horizontal planes depending on the conditions and a degree of wear of a soil-cutting wedge. (Materials and methods) For the experiment, use was made of quartz as an abrasive material, paraffin with additives of ceresin and petrolatum as binding components; cement was additionally introduced to change the granulometric composition of a soil model, and a cross-planer was used as a drive mechanism. (Results and discussion) It has been shown that the horizontal component, or traction resistance, increases linearly with increasing the depth of cutting. An increase in the soil-cutting velocity also leads to an increase in the traction resistance of the wedge, and its magnitude increases in a power-law dependence on the velocity. It has been established that the cutting angle affects not only the variation of the wedge traction resistance, but also the shearing pattern, which changes as it increases and changes from shear shavings into shift shavings, which contributes to the traction force growth. It has been found that an increase in traction resistance is affected by an increase in the hardness of abrasive material and a decrease in the distribution density of solid particles in its volume. As the width of the back chamfer and the angle of its inclination to the furrow bottom increased, the traction characteristics both in the vertical and horizontal planes increased as well, the back chamfer width having the greatest influence on the vertical component. As the blade worn out depending on the friction path, the vertical component of frictional forces increased sharply, while the horizontal component increased insignificantly. (Conclusions) The results of the conducted studies have shown that the wedge depth mainly depends on the back chamfer width. The traction resistance of the wedge is greatly influenced by physical and mechanical properties of an abrasive medium, cutting conditions and a degree of the blade blunting.
The test results of plow working bodies with an overhead bit for domestic plows are presented. The test results showed that experienced plowshares more stably withstand the specified depth of plowing without violating the agrotechnical parameters of the process. The average operating time of experienced plowshares in comparison with serial shares increased by 3–4 times.
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