Experimental determination of ploughing quality and energy consumption carried out on loamy soils most common for the arable lands in European part of Russia. The field tests done for three standard types of mouldboard body surfaces: cultural, semi-helicoidal (cylindroid) and helicoidal. Results shows that bodies with cylindroid mouldboard surface had better soil crumbling against cultural (digger) body surfaces. Helicoidal bodies supplied better quality of soil layer turnover than cultural and semi-helicoidal ones. Designed plough construction allowed change ploughshares installation angles relative to the furrow line from 25 to 55°. Optimal ploughshares angle to the furrow line obtained 45…50°. The traction resistance force of the plough equipped with helicoidal bodies was measured 6…8% lower than cultural bodies and 3…4% lower than cylindroid ones at tractor speed 2.5…3.0 m-s-1.
Studying the wear of soil-cutting working tools in the field conditions has certain difficulties associated with the impermanence of soil properties. The paper presents the results of a laboratory study of the power characteristics in the process of wearing of a soil-cutting wedge in an artificial abrasive soil medium. (Research purpose) To determine the nature of changes in cutting forces in vertical and horizontal planes depending on the conditions and a degree of wear of a soil-cutting wedge. (Materials and methods) For the experiment, use was made of quartz as an abrasive material, paraffin with additives of ceresin and petrolatum as binding components; cement was additionally introduced to change the granulometric composition of a soil model, and a cross-planer was used as a drive mechanism. (Results and discussion) It has been shown that the horizontal component, or traction resistance, increases linearly with increasing the depth of cutting. An increase in the soil-cutting velocity also leads to an increase in the traction resistance of the wedge, and its magnitude increases in a power-law dependence on the velocity. It has been established that the cutting angle affects not only the variation of the wedge traction resistance, but also the shearing pattern, which changes as it increases and changes from shear shavings into shift shavings, which contributes to the traction force growth. It has been found that an increase in traction resistance is affected by an increase in the hardness of abrasive material and a decrease in the distribution density of solid particles in its volume. As the width of the back chamfer and the angle of its inclination to the furrow bottom increased, the traction characteristics both in the vertical and horizontal planes increased as well, the back chamfer width having the greatest influence on the vertical component. As the blade worn out depending on the friction path, the vertical component of frictional forces increased sharply, while the horizontal component increased insignificantly. (Conclusions) The results of the conducted studies have shown that the wedge depth mainly depends on the back chamfer width. The traction resistance of the wedge is greatly influenced by physical and mechanical properties of an abrasive medium, cutting conditions and a degree of the blade blunting.
Two types of ridging cultivators for growing potatoes and other vegetables were designed and tested. The first machine GPK-2 has active working tools – rotary drum with straight cutters, passive sweeps on rigid tines, and plates forming ridges. The second machine GD-2 has only passive drought working tools: spring S-shaped tines with sweeps of two forms, disks, and plates forming ridges. Field tests were carried out to determine soil preparation quality and energy consumption indicators of both machines on loamy soils typical for the non-chernozem zone of the Russian Federation. It is advisable to use the indicator of the specific power consumption related to the average diameter of loosened soil clods. Measured specific power per average clod diameter was in range 3.3…4.3 kW×mm−1 for the active rotary ridging cultivator, and 2.6…3.2 kW×mm−1 for the cultivator with passive working tools. The required power for the machine with passive working tools at the maximum possible forward speed is 25…35% lowers than for a rotary machine. Though cutting ridges on the post-planting treatment of loamy soil, rotary tiller supplies better soil crumbling. On inter-row cultivation of light loamy soils, the machine with passive working tools is a preferable solution due to less energy consumption relative to the machine with an active rotary drive.
The seed drill moves along the field in a shuttle manner. Non-productive time spent on the seed drill turn at the end of each run increases as the field area decreases. Consequently, the waste of time reaches the greatest value on small-scale fields and complex configuration areas, naturally encircled by forests, shrubs, ravines and swamps. This leads to a marked decrease in the seed drill performance and increased specific fuel consumption. In addition, the use of seed drills in complex areas has revealed a number of limitations associated with agrotechnical indicators. This problem was solved by developing a seed drill capable of uniform sowing, both in straight-line and curvilinear motion. Curvilinear sowing implies that different amount of grain should get into coulters moving with different radii. A fluted roller seed drill has two groups of sowing units, kinematically connected with the left and right support-driving wheels. The sowing units of different groups can be coupled. Tests of the seed drill with a coupled sowing unit showed that its performance when working on complex configuration fields in case of circular motion is 28… 79% higher and specific fuel consumption is 25… 41% less than that of a conventional shuttling seed drill.
The soils that are subject to restoration include virgin and fallow lands, neglected pastures, soils overgrown with shrubs and young trees, swampy, with admixtures of hummocks and debris. The article shows the shortest period of restoration of virgin and fallow lands. (Research purpose) The research purpose is in comparative analysis of the need for equipment, economic and labor costs for the restoration of fallow lands using traditional and proposed by VIM technologies. (Materials and methods) Authors determined the indicators that characterize the properties of the soil for its restoration. It has been taken into account that for the treatment of this fallow soil, it is preferable to use combined aggregates or equipment with replaceable working bodies. Authors have compiled a set of aggregates for the proposed by VIM technology for soil recovery. The article shows the most productive and economically viable technology. The calculations of the cost of the necessary units, fuel and lubricants consumption, and labor costs are presented. (Results and discussion) It was determined that the restoration of fallow lands using the technology proposed by VIM reduces the cost of using the machine and tractor fleet by 35 percent by reducing the number of agricultural machines, fuel and lubricants by 17 percent, and the labor costs by 12 percent. The article shows that the efficiency of implementing the technology proposed by VIM for restoring virgin and fallow lands without shrubs and trees can reach 28 percent or more. (Conclusions) From the point of view of ecology, resource and energy saving, the most preferable are soil-processing combined units or agricultural machinery with changing working bodies (including those that perform various tasks). When restoring a 200-hectare section of fallow land with a heavy clay mechanical composition on soils that have not been treated for four consecutive years, according to the proposed VIM technology, the cost of restoration decreased by an average of 28 percent.
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