Dykes composed of basic rocks and granite are formed due to interactions between melts in a wide range of conditions, from contrasting compositions and fluid saturation rates to various tectonic settings and processes at different depths. Textures and petrochemical characteristics of the dykes are thus widely variable. This paper is focused on composite dykes observed in the West Sangilen region in SouthEast Tuva, Russia. The Sangilen wedge is a fragment of the Early Caledonian orogenic structure of the Tuva-Mongolia Massif which evolved in a succession of geodynamic settings, from collision (transpression, 570-480 Ma) to transform faulting (transtension, 480-430 Ma). Intensive tectonic deformation facilitated massive basic-rock and granite magmatism at various layers of the crust and associated heating and metamorphism of the rocks (510-460 Ma). Basic-rock-granite composite dykes were formed in the above-mentioned period in various tectonic settings that controlled conditions of dyke intrusions and their compositions. We distinguish two groups of composite dykes observed on two sites, in the area between the Erzin and Naryn rivers and on the right bank of the Erzin river (Strelka and Erzin Sites, respectively) (Fig. 1). The dykes in both groups originated from one and the same basic-rock melt source. However, mingling of the contrasting melts was carried out by different mechanisms as suggested by the proposed intrusion models. In the area between the Erzin and Naryn rivers (Strelka Site), the host rock of the composite dykes is granite of the Nizhneerzin massif. The mingling dykes are composed of amphibole gabbro and monzogabbro, granosyenite and twofeldspar granite. Contacts between basic and felsic rocks vary from smooth contrasting to complex 'lacerated' flameshaped, and gradual transition zones are present (Fig. 6). The dykes were formed at mesoabyssal or abyssal depths, and the subliquidus heat regime was thus maintained for a long time, and even the smallest portions of the basic-rock melt were consolidated through quite a long period of time. As a consequence, indicators of deformation are lacking in the composite dykes, while transition zones and hybridization are present. On the right bank of the Erzin river (Ersin Site), the dykes cut through migmatite-granite of the Erzin formation in the same-name tectonic zone. Contacts with host rocks are transverse. Melanocratic rocks are represented by smallgrained diorite and quartz diorite, and the felsic composite dykes are composed of medium-and small-grained twofeldspar granite and leukogranite. Transition zones, hornfelsing and contact alterations are absent at contacts of all the types (Fig. 8). The composite dykes of this type intruded and emplaced when the shear zone was subject to extension and fragmentation, which predetermined active intrusion of basic and, possibly, felsic melts through conjugated faults. Crystallization of the melts was rapid, and their potential heat impact on the adjoining rocks was thus excluded, as evidenced by the presence of ...
In West Sangilen (South-East Tuva, Russia), there are outcrops of metamorphic and magmatic complexes of early Caledonides, which are related to the period of long-term collisional and post-collisional events in the northwestern edge of the Tuva-Mongolian massif. The evolution of orogenic structures in West Sangilen is an example of the collapse of folded structures in case of changes in tectonic regimes from compression and transpression (collision period) to intra-and marginal continental transform-shear extension (post-collision period). Numerous geologic features give evidence of changes in the kinematics and characteristics of deformations, as well as in the conditions of metamorphism and magmatism in the study region. However, thinning of the crust during the collapse of the collisional orogenic structure has not been supported by any direct data. Indicators of such events are the complexes of combined dykes, which are abundant in West Sangilen, especially in the area between the Erzin and Naryn rivers and on the right bank of the Erzin river. The most representative object is a combined basite-granite dyke at the foot of the Tavit-Dag mountain. Its position is controlled by the strike-slip fault system. The thermochronological analysis of mingling rocks shows different ages of the closure of isotope systems: 494.8±5.4 Ma (U/Pb, zircon, basites), 489.7±7 Ma (U/Pb, zircon, granitoids), 471.2±1.9 Ma (Ar/Ar , amphibole, basites), and 462.5±1.0 Ma (Ar/Ar, biotite, basites). Taking into account the parameters of the closure of isotope systems (~800-900 °C, zircon, U/Pb; ~500 °C, amphibole, Ar/Ar; ~300 °C, biotite, Ar/Ar), the cooling curve of the mingling dyke is estimated. It corresponds to lowering of the temperature by 600 °C (900 °С 500 °С 300 °C) in the period from 500 (494.8±5.4) Ma to 461 (462.5±1.0) Ma. It is shown that the recent thermal events did not affect the mingling dyke located on the Tavit-Dag site. The sequential changes in the age of the closure of isotope systems are indicative of thinning of the crust in the study region P a l e o g e o d y n a m i c s RESEARCH ARTICLEFor citation: Vladimirov V.G., Karmysheva I.V., Yakovlev V.А., Travin А.V., Tsygankov А.А., Burmakina G.N., 2017. Thermochronology of mingling dykes in West Sangilen (South-East Tuva, Russia): evidence of the collapse of the collisional system in the north-western edge of the Tuva-Mongolia massif.
—Composite dikes (mingling dikes) of Western Sangilen (southeastern Tuva) are believed to indicate a shift from tectonic contraction, related to the mountain fold system formation, to postcollisional extension that ended with the disintegration of the collisional orogen. However, the position of composite dikes in the general sequence of magmatic events was based only on their geologic location and has not been confirmed by U/Pb isotope-geochronological data. The proposed study is concerned with the geologic structure, composition, and isotopic age (485–490 Ma) of West Sangilen composite dikes. The isotopic age of the host granites from the Matut pluton is 509 Ma; thermal events of Riphean (679–934 Ma) and early Paleozoic (484 Ma) age are reflected in zircons from gneiss-granites of the Erzin metamorphic complex. The obtained data are consistent with the earlier determined sequences of West Sangilen tectonometamorphic events. Basites from the examined composite dikes are strongly different in the contents of indicator elements (Rb, Nb, Ta, Zr, and Hf) and the Nb/Y, Zr/Y, Th/Ta, Zr/Nb, and Nb/Th ratios, which is indicative of different (probably, different-depth) mantle sources. The protolith of the salic component of the composite dikes might have been rocks similar in composition to the autochthonous/parautochthonous gneiss-granites of the Erzin metamorphic complex.
A new numerical model has been developed that makes it possible to describe the process of formation of a dyke of a combined composition on the basis of the dynamics of a viscous compressible fluid. The numerical thermo-mechanical model shows the processes of magma mingling and taking into account multiphase interaction of melts which are different in composition and properties. The models suggest a mechanism for uplifting of high-density mafic enclaves in a chamber/dyke filled with salic magma by gravitational floating in the enclosing granite magma that has been cooled and lost volatile components. The performed simulation shows that the main parameter controlling the shape and size of the ascending bodies is the difference in densities. The viscosity contrast determines whether interpenetration and hybridization of magmas occur. The limiting ratio of felsic material in the mixture, which is capable of uplifting denser mafic enclaves, is estimated. The duration of melt uplifting in combined dykes is estimated with respect to the viscosity parameters. At a typical rate of 2-3 km per year, it amounts to almost 12 months.
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