COVID-19 patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) have an immune imbalance when systemic inflammation and dysfunction of circulating T and B cells lead to a more severe disease. Using TREC/KREC analysis, we studied the level of mature naive T and B cells in peripheral blood of COVID-19 patients and its relationship with clinical and laboratory data. TREC/KREC analysis was performed by multiplex real-time quantitative PCR on a sample of 36 patients aged 45 years or younger. The reduced TREC/KREC level was observed in ARDS patients compared with non-ARDS patients, and similar results were found for the deceased patients. During days 6 to 20 of hospitalization, a higher neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) was detected in ARDS patients compared with non-ARDS patients. TREC/KREC negatively correlated with NLR; the highest correlation was recorded for TREC per 100,000 cells with the coefficient of determination R2 = 0.527. Thus, TREC/KREC analysis is a potential prognostic marker for assessing the severity and outcome in COVID-19.

Objectives: Mutations in the neuroblastoma-amplified sequence (NBAS) gene were originally described in patients with skeletal dysplasia or isolated liver disease of variable severity. Subsequent publications reported a more complex phenotype. Among multisystemic clinical symptoms, we were particularly interested in the immunological consequences of the NBAS deficiency. Methods: Clinical and laboratory data of 3 patients ages 13, 6, and 5 in whom bi-allelic NBAS mutations had been detected via next-generation sequencing were characterized. Literature review of 23 publications describing 74 patients was performed. Results: We report three Russian patients with compound heterozygous mutations of the NBAS gene who had combined immunodeficiency characterized by hypogammaglobulinemia, low T-cells, and near-absent B-cells, along with liver disease, skeletal dysplasia, optic-nerve atrophy, and dysmorphic features. Analysis of the data of 74 previously reported patients who carried various NBAS mutations demonstrated that although the most severe form of liver disease seems to require disruption of the N-terminal or middle part of NBAS, mutations of variable localizations in the gene have been associated with some form of liver disease, as well as immunological disorders. Conclusions: NBAS deficiency has a broad phenotype, and referral to an immunologist should be made in order to screen for immunodeficiency.

Pneumonia is an acute infectious disease with high morbidity and mortality rates. Pneumonia’s development, severity and outcome depend on age, comorbidities and the host immune response. In this study, we combined theoretical and experimental investigations to characterize pneumonia and its comorbidities as well as to assess the host immune response measured by TREC/KREC levels in patients with pneumonia. The theoretical study was carried out using the Columbia Open Health Data (COHD) resource, which provides access to clinical concept prevalence and co-occurrence from electronic health records. The experimental study included TREC/KREC assays in young adults (18–40 years) with community-acquired (CAP) (n = 164) or nosocomial (NP) (n = 99) pneumonia and healthy controls (n = 170). Co-occurring rates between pneumonia, sepsis, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and some other related conditions common in intensive care units were the top among 4170, 3382 and 963 comorbidities in pneumonia, sepsis and ARDS, respectively. CAP patients had higher TREC levels, while NP patients had lower TREC/KREC levels compared to controls. Low TREC and KREC levels were predictive for the development of NP, ARDS, sepsis and lethal outcome (AUCTREC in the range 0.71–0.82, AUCKREC in the range 0.67–0.74). TREC/KREC analysis can be considered as a potential prognostic test in patients with pneumonia.

1Федеральное государственное бюджетное учреждение «Научный центр экспертизы средств медицинского применения» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации, Петровский б-р, д. 8, стр. 2, Москва, 127051, Российская Федерация 2 Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «Российский национальный исследовательский медицинский университет имени Н.И. Пирогова» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации, ул. Островитянова, д. 1, Москва, 117997, Российская Федерация 3 Федеральная служба по надзору в сфере здравоохранения, Славянская пл., д. 4, стр. 1, Москва, 109074, Российская Федерация 4 Федеральное государственное бюджетное учреждение «Информационный методический центр по экспертизе, учету и анализу обращения средств медицинского применения» Росздравнадзора, Славянская пл., д. 4, стр. 1, Москва, 109074, Российская Федерация Резюме. Одним из возможных подходов к решению проблемы оценки потенциальных рисков, связанных с применением лекарственных средств в педиатрической практике, является изучение информации международных баз данных нежелательных реакций на лекарственные препараты. Цель работы -анализ и систематизация данных международной базы спонтанных сообщений о нежелательных реакциях при применении препаратов у пациентов в возрасте до 18 лет. Представлена информация о нежелательных реакциях при применении лекарственных средств у детей, сведения о которых поступили в международную базу данных VigiBase Уппсальского центра мониторинга безопасности лекарственных средств ВОЗ в период 1968-2018 гг. Из 18,4 млн спонтанных сообщений, поступивших за 50 лет в VigiBase, в 1,47 млн сообщений содержится информация о нежелательных реакциях, отмеченных у пациентов в возрасте до 18 лет. Из них 34 510 сообщений содержат сведения о нежелательных реакциях у детей в возрасте до 27 дней, 415 678 -в возрасте от 28 дней до 23 месяцев, 613 676в возрасте от 2 до 11 лет и 405 202 -в возрасте от 12 до 17 лет включительно. Наиболее часто нежелательные реакции отмечались при применении вакцин, антибиотиков, нестероидных противовоспалительных средств, анальгетиков-антипиретиков, дерматологических средств и вальпроевой кислоты. Наиболее распространенными нежелательными реакциями у детей были гипертермия, сыпь, рвота, тошнота, крапивница, диарея, зуд, головная боль, эритема в месте инъекции, судороги. Приведены раздельные сведения по 6 возрастным группам о 10 наиболее частых нежелательных реакциях, возникающих у детей, и о 10 лекарственных средствах, спонтанные сообщения о побочных действиях которых наиболее часто поступали в VigiBase за 50 лет и отдельно за 2018 год. Полученные данные позволяют оценить потенциальные риски применения указанных лекарственных средств у детей. ственных средств у детей -данные международного мониторинга за 50 лет. Безопасность и риск фармакотерапии. 2019;7(2):57-64. https://doi.Abstract. The review article presents a summary of adverse drug reactions (ADR) in children, information about which was received in 1968-2018 in the International database Vi...

В Российской Федерации пока нет достаточного опыта применения тофацитиниба (ТОФА) у больных РА, в связи с этим особый

Janus kinase (JK) inhibitors block the intracellular signaling pathways that are responsible for the synthesis of proinflammatory cytokines and mediators, which in turn cause the activation of pain receptors and central sensitization (CS). It is suggested that JK inhibitors can rapidly eliminate pain and reduce the severity of CS.Objective: to evaluate the effect of the JK inhibitor tofacitinib (TOFA) on the intensity of pain and the signs of CS in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis (RA) at 7 and 28 days after therapy initiation.Patients and methods. A study group consisted of 39 patients (79.5% female) (mean age 50.9±11.1 years) with RA (DAS28 5.8±0.6). Of these, 89.7% were seropositive for rheumatoid factor; 82.0% took methotrexate and 18.0% received leflunomide. All the patients were prescribed TOFA 5 mg twice daily due to the inefficacy or intolerance of biological agents. The investigators estimated pain intensity using a Brief Pain Inventory (BPI), rated the presence of a neuropathic pain component (NPC) with the PainDETECT questionnaire, and assessed the signs of CS with the Central Sensitization Inventory (CSI) during the first 4 weeks after TOFA administration.Results and discussion. The patients initially experienced moderate or severe pain (the mean scores of 5.33±2.51 on the numerical rating scale (NRS) included in BPI); 53.8% had signs of CS (CSI scores of ≥40); 17.9% had signs of a NPC (PainDETECT scores of >18). Already on day 7 after the start of TOFA administration, there was a statistically significant decrease in the mean NRS pain intensity scores to 4.06±2.2 (p=0.01) and by 29.4±17.9%, as shown by the patient's assessment of the analgesic effect of therapy (BPI), as well as the severity of CS, namely a decrease in the mean NRS pain score to 35.9±11.2 (p=0.01). On 28 days, the effect became better: there was a reduction in the level of NRS pain to 2.32±1.57 (p<0.001), in pain according to the patient's assessment of the analgesic effect of therapy to 43.6±29.6%; in the median PainDETECT score to 2.5 [0; 8.7] (p<0.001); and in CSI scores to an average of 26.4±13.9 (p <0.001). No serious adverse reactions were noted.TOFA has a rapid analgesic effect, which allows it to be considered as a chooser for pathogenetic therapy in patients with active RA and severe pain, especially in the presence of CS signs and secondary fibromyalgia. Undoubtedly, large-scale, long-term controlled studies with a wider range of estimated parameters are required to clarify the therapeutic potential of TOFA in this patient category. The limitation of this investigation was its open observer design pattern.Conclusion. The use of the JK inhibitor TOFA can achieve a rapid analgesic effect, inter alia due to its effect on CS and NPC.

О р и г и н а л ь н ы е и с с л е д о в а н и я

Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) is the most life-threatening form of primary immunodeficiency, fatal within the first years of life if hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is not performed. Early diagnosis is crucial for prevention of multiple life-threatening complications, which in turn allows for successful HSCT. Current publication contains clinical recommendations for diagnosis of SCID and its complications, complex treatment, including HSCT, prenatal diagnostics and genetic family counselling.