According to the WHO data, about 1.8 million cases of colorectal cancer (CRC) are diagnosed annually, as well as more than 900,000 deaths are associated with this disease [1]. This is the second most common cancer in women and the third-in men. Colorectal cancer repre sents ~10% of all cancer cases. In the Russian Federation in 2017, colon and rectal cancers were the 4th and 7th most common cancers, respectively [colon cancer being the 5th (6.4%) most common cancer in men and the 3rd (7.2%)-in women and rectal cancer being the 6th (5.3%) most cancer in men and the 7th (4.4 %)-in women] [2]. Over the period of 2007 2017, the incidence rate per 100,000 individuals in Russia had increased on average by 1.47% annually. Colon cancer represents the third most common cause of death (7.9%) in Russia among the deaths related to malignant neoplasms. Colon cancer treatment includes surgery, radiother apy, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy. Despite the
Culture techniques of antral follicle-like structure (AFLS) derived from cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs) might provide important insights into follicular development and oocyte maturation. This study was undertaken to investigate the effects of embedding bovine COCs individually (one COC) or in groups (4-5 COCs) in collagen gels on the formation of AFLS and the meiotic status of oocytes. The observations of AFLS formation were performed every second day for 14 days. The AFLS was formed at Day 2 or 4 after the start of culture (Day=0), irrespective of the culture methods. The mean diameters of AFLS during Days 4-14 using the individual culture method were significantly higher (p<0.05) than those using the group culture method. However, the AFLS formation rate in the individual culture method was significantly lower compared to that in the group culture method (26.1% vs 62.7%, p<0.01). Almost all oocytes had undergone the germinal vesicle breakdown stage, irrespective of the culture method or AFLS formation. In conclusion, comparison with the individual culture method revealed that the mean diameters of AFLS in the group culture method were smaller, but more COCs formed AFLS. The group culture method might be useful for evaluating the various hypotheses of follicular formation and interfollicular communication. However, improvement of the group culture system is necessary to prevent the meiotic resumption of oocytes, because the AFLS formation is dependent on the cumulus/granulosa cells surrounding oocytes.
Membrane-associated oligosaccharides are known to take part in interactions between natural killer (NK) cells and their targets and modulate NK cell activity. A model system was therefore developed using synthetic glycoconjugates as tools to modify the carbohydrate pattern on NK target cell surfaces. NK cells were then assessed for function in response to synthetic glycoconjugates, using both cytolysis-associated caspase 6 activation measured by flow cytometry and IFN-gamma production. Lipophilic neoglycoconjugates were synthesized to provide their easy incorporation into the target cell membranes and to make carbohydrate residues available for cell-cell interactions. While incorporation was successful based on fluorescence monitoring, glycoconjugate incorporation did not evoke artifactual changes in surface antigen expression, and had no negative effect on cell viability. Glycoconjugates contained Le(x), sulfated Le(x), and Le(y) sharing the common structure motif trisaccharide Le(x) were revealed to enhance cytotoxicity mediated specifically by CD16 +CD56+NK cells. The glycoconjugate effects were dependent on saccharide presentation in a polymeric form. Only polymeric, or clustered, but not monomeric glycoconjugates resulted in alteration of cytotoxicity in our system, suggesting that appropriate presentation is critical for carbohydrate recognition and subsequent biological effects.
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