В последние годы повышенный интерес вызывают биологически активные соединения, выделенные из природных ресурсов, особенно соединения, способные эффективно воздействовать на вовлеченные в различные заболевания молекулярные мишени. Астаксантин – каротиноид, присутствующий в составе Haematococcuspluvialis, Chlorellazofingiensis, Chlorococcum и Phaffiarhodozyma, а также в цистах рачка Artemiasalina. Астаксантин, используемый в промышленном масштабе в качестве пищевой добавки, антиоксиданта и компонента противораковых средств, участвует в предотвращении диабета, сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний и нейродегенеративных расстройств, укреплении иммунной защиты. Таким образом, повышение выхода извлечения астаксантина является актуальной технологической задачей. В работе приведены результаты исследования условий декапсулирования цист рачков Artemiasalina с подбором параметров последующей экстракции астаксантина. Изучены следующие способы воздействия: обработка гидроксидом калия, обработка раствором гипохлорита натрия, многократная заморозка/разморозка, измельчение (гомогенизация) и обработка в условиях ультразвукового поля. Показано, что наиболее эффективным методом декапсулирования цист являются обработка гипохлоритом натрия в течение 2 часов (соотношение 1:10), воздействие ультразвуком в течение 30 минут и гомогенизация в течение 30 минут: в полученных таким образом образцах концентрация астаксантина составляла 8,30 мг/г, 9,48 мг/г и 9,14 мг/г соответственно. Для дальнейших исследований по подбору оптимальных параметров экстракции использованы цисты, декапсулированные ультразвуковой обработкой. Максимальная концентрация астаксантина в экстракте достигается при обработке декапсулированных цист 96 % этанолом или подсолнечным маслом, что делает возможным непосредственное использование получаемого экстракта в производстве обогащенных и функциональных пищевых продуктов.Исследование выполнено при финансовой поддержке гранта Губернатора Алтайского края для разработки качественно новых технологий, создания инновационных продуктов и услуг в сферах переработки и производства пищевых продуктов, фармацевтического производства и биотехнологий, соглашение №4 от 12.04.2022 года.
The article is devoted to the study of isolation processes, chemical structure and rheological properties of chitin-glucan complexes from the biomass of Armillaria mellea. Because of the studies, it was found that the yield of chitin-glucan complexes ranged from 11.0 to 24.9% with a degree of deacetylation from 24 to 55%. The maximum yield was obtained by treating the fruiting bodies of fungi at the stage of deproteinization with a 3% aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide with mechanical stirring at 225 rpm for 60 min at 75±5°C. It is shown that the degree of deacetylation correlates with the values of the alkali concentration used. The IR spectra of the obtained samples of chitin-glucan complexes include absorption bands characteristic of stretching and bending vibrations of the bonds of chitin and glucan links and coincide with the spectra of chitin-glucan complexes of other fungi. It has been established that the viscosity characteristics of a 1% solution of a chitin-glucan complex in 2% hydrochloric acid are 14 and 190 times lower than 5% and 10% solutions, respectively. Increasing the shear rate makes it possible to detect a decrease in the viscosity of all studied solutions. Storage of a 1% solution of chitin-glucan complexes for 7 days at 25±2°C is accompanied by a decrease in viscosity; the viscosity of 5 and 10% solutions remains stable.
The work is devoted to the study of chitosan-glucan complexes obtained from the higher fungi of the autumnal marmot (Armillaria mellea), shiitake (Lentinula edodes) and grifola frutosa (Grifola frondosa), optimization of the method of isolation and expansion of their use for various areas of the national economy. As objects of research, strains of fungi L. edodes F-1000 and G. frondosa 2639 isolated from commercial mycelium and A. mellea D-13 strain isolated from fruiting bodies harvested from Betula pendula stems in natural habitats of the Altai Territory. When analyzing the IR spectroscopy data, it was established that the samples of chitosan-glucan complexes isolated from the fruiting bodies of fungi are identical to the structure of chitosan obtained in the traditional way from the king crab (Paralithodes camtschaticus). It was found that the test chitosan-glucan complexes in terms of intrinsic viscosity (1.6–2.2 cm3/g), molecular weight (37.5–51.8 kDa) and deacetylation degree (75.6–79.5%) significantly exceed the chitosan-glucan complexes obtained from the oyster mushroom (Pleurotus osteratus) and are comparable to the chitosan-glucan complexes of mold fungi (Aspergillus niger). At the same time, the chitosan-glucan complexes from A. mellea D-13 are closest to the chitosan isolated from P. camtschaticus in the above indices. According to the physico-chemical properties, the investigated chitosan-glucan complexes correspond to the requirements of food chitosan (TU 9289-067-00472124).
The need to expand the raw material base for obtaining flavonoids is due to the wide spectrum of their biological activity. The purpose of this work is to study the biological activity of a complex of bioflavonoids, quercetin and rutin on specific enzyme biotest systems in vitro. The objects of the study were: a complex of bioflavonoids from fat-free sea buckthorn meal Hippophae rhamnoides L. and individual flavonoids rutin and quercetin isolated from it. The study was carried out by methods of detecting the biological activity of substances using specific enzyme biotest systems in vitro. It was revealed that rutin and a complex of bioflavonoids have antioxidant properties – the rate of glutathione reductase reaction increased by 64 and 51% of control, respectively, and catalase – by 15%. Quercetin exhibits antimicrobial activity and also reduces the rate of the enzymatic iNOS reaction by 24% of the control, which indicates the anti-inflammatory properties of this sample. Rutin and a complex of bioflavonoids from sea buckthorn meal increased the iNOS reaction rate by 14 and 28%, respectively, which indicates the immunostimulating properties of these samples. In the course of a microbiological study, it was found that all samples have weak bacteriostatic activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538 (209-P) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 9027. Fungistatic activity was confirmed against the yeast-like fungi Candida albicans ATCC 10231 of quercetin and the complex. The results obtained make it possible to consider a complex of bioflavonoids, quercetin and rutin as promising active substances in antioxidant, antimicrobial, fungistatic and anti-inflammatory drugs.
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