Anchoring Rh complexes to the surface of a silica polyamine composite, which has a poly(allylamine) covalently grafted to the surface of amorphous silica gel, yielded a material that proved to be an effective and novel heterogeneous catalyst for hydroformylation of unsaturated compounds. Surface amino groups of the material were modified with phosphines by covalent and ionic coupling. The modified materials were then treated with Rh(acac)(CO), giving the catalysts K-1 and K-2. Catalysts were characterized by solid-state NMR spectroscopy, IR spectroscopy, XPS, TEM, and elemental analysis. The activity and stability of K-1 and K-2 were then studied for the hydroformylation of selected unsaturated compounds. Hydroformylation of terminal double bonds occurred selectively in the presence of internal double bonds. Characterization of the catalysts and the problems encountered with the supported catalysts are discussed. Catalyst K-1 is reusable and can be applied to the hydroformylation of linear olefins, styrene, 4-vinylcyclohexene, and dienes, as well as representative terpenes and other unsaturated hydrocarbons in a batch reactor.

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This review deals with heterogeneous hydroformylation catalysts, specifically metal complexes fixed in an organic polymer structure. It describes the main catalyst synthesis methods, provides data on hydroformylation of unsaturated compounds (including asymmetric hydroformylation), and shows how those compounds can be used. The special focus is on the systematization of data on heterogeneous catalysts developed on the basis of porous organic polymers. Due to their porous structure, resistance to organic media and the high concentration of heteroatoms they contain, these materials can be considered promising for developing highly active, selective and stable heterogeneous catalysts for hydroformylation of unsaturated compounds, particularly higher linear olefins.

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