BackgroundStudies in western populations have shown a positive association between depression and cardiovascular disease (CVD) and all-cause mortality. The association with depressive symptoms seems to be graded, rather than limited to the presence versus the absence of depression. Evidence from populations with potentially different patterns of confounders helps to address the consistency of these findings. The objective of the study was to investigate the association between depressive symptoms and all-cause and CVD mortality in populations of Central and Eastern Europe.Study designThis was a prospective cohort study.MethodsA total of 24,542 participants aged 45–69 years, randomly selected from populations of Novosibirsk (Russia), Krakow (Poland) and six Czech towns, were included. Depressive symptoms, assessed by the 20-item Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D) scale, were used as both continuous and categorical variables. Data on deaths were obtained from local or national death registers. Associations between depression and mortality were assessed using Cox proportional hazards models.ResultsOver a median of 7 years, 2091 deaths from all causes and 850 CVD deaths occurred in the cohorts. There was a graded association between CES-D score and mortality; the hazard ratio (HR) of CVD mortality for a 1 SD increase in CES-D was 1.20 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.16–1.24) in men and 1.23 (95% CI: 1.12–1.35) in women; for all-cause mortality, the HRs were 1.13 (95% CI: 1.09–1.18) and 1.17 (95% CI: 1.10–1.25), respectively. The results were similar across countries.ConclusionsDepressive symptoms predicted CVD and all-cause mortality independently of a wide range of potential confounders. The association followed a gradient and increased mortality risks were associated with scores below the cut-offs that are commonly used to define ‘depression’.

In these urban populations in eastern Europe, adult height is associated with childhood conditions at least as strongly as leg length.

Background Fruit juice and soft drink consumption have been shown to be related to obesity. However, this relationship has not been explored in Eastern Europe. The present study aimed to assess the cross‐sectional and longitudinal relationships between fruit juice, soft drink consumption and body mass index ( BMI ) in Eastern European cohorts. Methods Data from the Health, Alcohol and Psychosocial factors in Eastern Europe population‐based prospective cohort study, based in Russia, Poland and the Czech Republic, were used. Intakes of sugar‐sweetened beverage ( SSB ), artificially‐sweetened beverage ( ASB ) and fruit juice were estimated from a food frequency questionnaire. Participant BMI values were assessed at baseline ( n = 26 634) and after a 3‐year follow‐up (data available only for Russia, n = 5205). Results Soft drink consumption was generally low, particularly in Russia. Compared to never drinkers of SSB , participants who drank SSB every day had a significantly higher BMI in the Czech [β‐coefficient = 0.28; 95% confidence interval ( CI) = 0.02–0.54], Russian (β‐coefficient = 1.38; 95% CI = 0.62–2.15) and Polish (β‐coefficient = 0.83; 95% CI = 0.29–1.37) cohorts. Occasional or daily ASB consumption was also positively associated with BMI in all three cohorts. Results for daily fruit juice intake were inconsistent, with a positive association amongst Russians (β‐coefficient = 0.75; 95% CI = 0.28–1.21) but a negative trend in the Czech Republic (β‐coefficient = −0.42; 95% CI = −0.86 to 0.02). Russians participants who drank SSB or ASB had an increased BMI after follow‐up. Conclusions Our findings support previous studies suggesting that soft drink consumption (including SSB s and ASB s) is positively related to BMI , whereas our results for fruit juice were less consistent. Policies regarding these beverages should be considered in Eastern Europe to lower the risk of obesity.

The prevalence of seropositivity among adolescents in Russia is higher than in developed countries. The infection is associated with lower socioeconomic status.

Background Little is known about the burden of common mental disorders in Russia despite high levels of suicide and alcohol-related mortality. Here we investigated levels of symptoms, self-reports of ever having received a diagnosis and treatment of anxiety and depression in two Russian cities. Methods The study population was men and women aged 35–69 years old participating in cross-sectional population-based studies in the cities of Arkhangelsk and Novosibirsk (2015–18). Participants completed an interview which included the PHQ-9 and GAD-7 scales, questions on whether participants had ever received a diagnosis of depression or anxiety, and health service use in the past year. Participants also reported current medication use and medications were coded in line with the WHO anatomical therapeutic classification (ATC). Depression was defined as PHQ-9 ≥ 10 and Anxiety as GAD-7 ≥ 10. Results Age-standardised prevalence of PHQ-9 ≥ 10 was 10.7% in women and 5.4% in men (GAD-7 ≥ 10 6.2% in women; 3.0% in men). Among those with PHQ-9 ≥ 10 17% reported ever having been diagnosed with depression (equivalent finding for anxiety 29%). Only 1.5% of those with PHQ-9 ≥ 10 reported using anti-depressants and 0.6% of those with GAD-7 ≥ 10 reported using anxiolytics. No men with PHQ-9 ≥ 10 and/or GAD-7 ≥ 10 reported use of anti-depressants or anxiolytics. Use of health services increased with increasing severity of both depression and anxiety. Conclusion There was a large gap between symptoms and reporting of past diagnosis and treatment of common mental disorders in two Russian cities. Interventions aimed at improving mental health literacy and reducing stigma could be of benefit in closing this substantial treatment gap.

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Aims. To estimate the prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in different age groups of the adult population of Novosibirsk, according to epidemiological studies in 20032005 and 20132016. Methods. We examined a representative population sample (assessed in 20032005) of men and women aged 4569 years in two administrative districts of Novosibirsk, as a part of the international HAPIEE project. According to the tables of random numbers, representative samples of men and women aged 4569 years were formed, to which letters were sent, inviting them to pass for examination. During 20132016, a second population survey was conducted on a random representative sample of a population of 2544-year-olds of both sexes. Participants were residents of one of the districts of Novosibirsk. T2DM and impaired fasting glucose (IFG) were diagnosed using fasting plasma glucose (FPG) levels (diabetes: FPG 7.0 mmol/l; IFG: FPG 6.16.9 mmol/l). Results. The prevalence of T2DM among residents aged 4569 years was 11.3%, and overall, no significant difference in prevalence was found between females and males (11.3% vs. 11.0%). However, the overall prevalence of T2DM among residents aged 2544 years was 2.2%, and prevalence was higher in men (3.5%) than in women (1.1%), p 0.05. High prevalence of IFG was found in the 4569 age group (18.2%, in 20032005), and in the younger age group of 2544 years (21.6%, in 20132016). The high rate among young individuals is particularly alarming. Less than one half (4.8 out of 11.3%) of participants aged 4569 tested positive for T2DM, and only one in the age group 2544 years knew he/she had diabetes. This indicates a lack of knowledge among Siberians about their problem with diabetes. Conclusion. Approximately one in five adults had IFG. Among the adult population aged 4569 (in 20032005), 18.2% had IFG and 11.3% had T2DM. In individuals aged 2544 years in 20132016, IFG was observed in 21.6%, and 2.2% had T2DM (p0.05).

Цель работы-провести анализ обеспеченности йодом и оценить структурно функциональное состояние щитовидной железы населения Новосибирска за период 1995-2010 гг. В рамках международных проектов MONIСA(1994-1995 гг.), HAPIEE (2004-2005 гг.) и одномоментного перекрестного популяционного скрининга случайной репрезентативной выборки школьников 14-17 лет (2009-2010 гг.) проведено изу чение структурно функционального состояния щитовидной железы и йододефицита в популяции взрослых и подрост ков Новосибирска. В 1994-1995 гг. у 83% взрослых жителей Новосибирска в возрасте 25-34 лет выявлен йододефицит, в основном легкой и умеренной степени тяжести. Медиана йодурии составила 47 мкг/л. Среди лиц молодого возраста у 1,5% впервые был отмечен субклинический гипотиреоз. У 1,5% впервые диагностирован субклинический гипертиреоз. В 2005 г. медиана йодурии во взрослой популяции (45-69 лет) составила 107 мкг/л. Среди образцов мочи в 54% показатели йодурии оказа лись более 100 мкг/л (от 100 до 360 мкг/л), в 13% проб-менее 50 мкг/л. В 2009-2010 гг. у подростков (14-17 лет) меди ана йодурии составила 93 мкг/л. Среди образцов мочи в 39% определены показатели йодурии более 100 мкг/л (от 100 до 360 мкг/л), в 7% проб-менее 50 мкг/л. По данным исследования, на фоне проводимой массовой йодной профилактики отмечается повышение уровня йодурии у населения Сибири. Но на данный момент йододефицит у жителей Новосибирска не ликвидирован. Необходимо про должение работы с населением по профилактике йодного дефицита. Ключевые слова: йододефицит, тиреотропный гормон, щитовидная железа.