New data on lipid and fatty acid profiles are presented, and the dynamics of the studied components in muscles in the males and females of the beaked redfish, Sebastes mentella, in the depth gradient of the Irminger Sea (North Atlantic) is discussed. The contents of the total lipids (TLs), total phospholipids (PLs), monoacylglycerols (MAGs), diacylglycerols (DAGs), triacylglycerols (TAGs), cholesterol (Chol), Chol esters, non-esterified fatty acids (NEFAs), and wax esters were determined by HPTLC; the phosphatidylserine (PS), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylinositol (PI), phosphatidylcholine (PC), and lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) were determined by HPLC; and fatty acids of total lipids were determined using GC. The Chol esters prevailed in muscles over the storage TAGs, and the wax ester content was high, which is a characteristic trait of vertically migrating species. Specific dynamics in certain PL in redfish were found to be depended on depth, suggesting that PLs are involved in the re-arrangement of the membrane physicochemical state and the maintenance of motor activity under high hydrostatic pressure. The high contents of DHA and EPA were observed in beaked redfish muscles is the species’ characteristic trait. The MUFAs in muscles include dietary markers of zooplankton (copepods)—20:1(n-9) and 22:1(n-11), whose content was found to be lower in fish sampled from greater depths.
Тихоокеанская сайра Cololabis saira является одним из наиболее массовых пелагических видов рыб в северной части Тихого океана. Динамика её уловов и вылова на усилие в 1950-2015 гг. характеризовалась хорошо выраженной квазидекадной изменчивостью, связанной с крупномасштабными климатическими процессами в Северо-Тихоокеанском регионе. Отмечена статистически значимая противофазная зависимость (r =-0,45; p = 0,03) между временными рядами вылова на усилие (CPUE) и среднего зимнего (январь-апрель) индекса осцилляции Северо-Тихоокеанских круговоротов (ОСТК) при нулевом сдвиге. Проведённый анализ выявил также статистически значимую связь (r = 0,68; p= 0,0009) между CPUE и зимним индексом ОСТК в 1994-2016 гг., когда временной ряд индекса сдвинут на 5 лет вперёд относительно временного ряда вылова на усилие. Вылов на усилие возрастал с потеплением поверхностных вод к востоку и северо-востоку от Японии. Этот пятилетний временной сдвиг, очевидно, связан с распространением волн Россби, генерируемых системой «северотихоокеанское колебание/ОСТК», из восточной и центральной частей Северной Пацифики на запад. Эти волны достигают её западной границы и модулируют декадные колебания в системе течений Куросио-Ойясио. Вместе с тем, уловы сайры в 1950-1993 гг. не обнаружили статистически значимой связи с индексом ОСТК при сдвигах от 0 до 5 лет. Необходимы дальнейшие исследования влияния климата на динамику численности тихоокеанской сайры с привлечением дополнительных биологических, промысловых и климатических данных. Это позволит вплотную подойти к разработке прогноза состояния запаса сайры с учётом крупномасштабных климатических процессов в северной части Тихого океана. Ключевые слова: тихоокеанская сайра Cololabis saira, климатическая изменчивость, осцилляция Северо-Тихоокеанских круговоротов, температура поверхности океана, уловы, вылов на усилие. введение Тихоокеанская сайра Cololabis saira (Brevoort, 1856) является одним из наиболее массовых пелагических видов рыб в северной части Тихого океана. Она широко распределяется от Азиатского побережья до Американского на глубине до 230 м с предпочтительной
New data on the fatty acid compositions of the muscle tissues of the two most widespread families of the mesopelagic zone—the Myctophidae (Notoscopelus kroyeri and Symbolophorus veranyi) and Stomiidae (Chauliodus sloani, Stomias boa, Borostomias antarcticus, and Malacosteus niger) families—were obtained from the Irminger Sea (North East Atlantic). The fatty acids (FAs) in the total lipids (TLs), phospholipids (PLs), triacylglycerols (TAGs), and cholesterol esters and waxes were analyzed using gas–liquid chromatography with a mass-selective detector and flame-ionized detector (GC-MS and GC-FID, respectively). Species-specific differences in the FA/alcohol profiles of the studied fishes were revealed. A directed deep-vise trend in the changes in the content and performance of certain FAs for the studied species was found. Along with this, a general character of dominance for monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs), which were discussed as food tracers, was revealed. MUFAs in the muscle tissues included dietary markers of zooplankton (copepods)—20:1(n-9) and 22:1(n-11), the content of which varied in association with the species—such that the biomarker Calanus glacialis predominated in muscles of B. antarcticus and C. hyperboreus prevailed in other studied species. Different strategies of compensatory adaptation to depth gradient in lipid metabolism among the studied species were discussed.
In the world, annually the level of emissions from fisheries in the seas reaches 10.8% or 9.1 million tons per year, and according to Russian experts, only in the trawl and snurry fisheries of the Russian Far East, annual emissions are about 1.2 million tons. Therefore, the purpose of this work is to analyze the structure of catches of the main commercial species of crabs and by-catch of other invertebrates and fish. The collection of biological materials and fishing statistics was carried out in the course of research work from July 27 to October 5, 2021 on the research vessel (RV) Zodiak in the northern part of the Sea of Okhotsk (North Sea of Okhotsk subzone SOM, 55°01ʹ58 °05ʹ N and 142°00ʹ-154°02ʹ E; West Kamchatka subzone ZK, 58°00ʹ-59°40ʹ N and 154°45ʹ-159°30ʹ E). In the SOM, studies have shown that, depending on the depth, the near-bottom temperature varied widely from –1.48 to 2.84 °С, in the WK — from 0.20 to 6.72 °С, which is generally typical for this season of the year and water areas. The number and distribution of the main objects of the crab fishery, namely the opilio snow crab in the SOM and the blue crab in the ZK, are at the average long-term level. A rare extensive research area made it possible to describe the true distribution of crabs. The structure of hydrobiont catches also included 13 trumpeter species and 13 fish species in two subzones of the Sea of Okhotsk. Since crab fishing in different periods of the year is carried out in different water areas and is mainly concentrated in a small area, structure of catches is likely will be less diverse.
The lipid and fatty acid profile of muscles in beaked redfish, caught and fixed in the wild versus specimens from food supermarkets (“commercial”), were evaluated, as well as the health implications of this popular food for its consumers based on the calculation of nutritional quality indexes. The contents of the total lipids (TLs), total phospholipids (PLs), monoacylglycerols (MAGs), diacylglycerols (DAGs), triacylglycerols (TAGs), cholesterol (Chol), Chol esters, non-esterified fatty acids (NEFAs), and wax esters were determined by HPTLC; the phosphatidylserine (PS), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylinositol (PI), phosphatidylcholine (PC), and lysophosphatidylcholine (LysoPC) were determined by HPLC; and fatty acids of total lipids were determined using GC. The TL content was higher in commercial products due to DA and NEFAs, among PL fractions the content of LysoPC was also higher. The results indicated multidirectional processes of slight degradation of lipids in commercial products in comparison to wild. The flesh lipid quality index was lower due to EPA and DHA in commercial specimens while the index of thrombogenicity was significantly higher. The differences in the quantities of lipid classes between muscle biopsy regions in fish apparently corroborate the morphology and physiology of deep-water fish.
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