The article presents concise review of data obtained during last years at studying mutagenic and carcinogenic activity of pesticides in test-systems in vitro and in vivo Also, are covered the results of epidemiological surveys carried out in Russia and abroad related to discovery of association of effect of pesticides and development of oncological diseases in workers involved into agricultural manufacturing and in population of rural regions. The publications search was implemented using databases of Scopus, Medline, Google Scholar, RINTC. The issues are discussed concerning evaluation of mutagenic characteristics of effecting substances and preparative forms ofpesticides, application of short-term tests for evaluating carcinogenicity, possible synergy effects in case of combination of two and more effecting substances of various pesticide preparations.
Glyphosate is one of the most widely used herbicides in the world. In recent years, there have been concerns about the possible mutagenicity and carcinogenicity of this pesticide. In this connection, the study of genotoxic and carcinogenic properties of glyphosate and glyphosate-containing preparations has been resumed in a number of countries. In this study, the induction of micronucleation formation in vivo in polychromatophilic erythrocytes of bone marrow of CD-1 mice was assessed by the action of three different technical glyphosate products entering the Russian Federation. It was found that the tested samples of technical products showed different cytogenetic activity, while only one of them caused a statistically significant, dose-dependent increase in the frequency of induction of micronuclei compared to the negative control. The analysis of the composition of the studied product samples showed that the cytogenetic activity may depend on the content of potentially mutagenic impurities, in particular formaldehyde. The obtained data are additional grounds for lowering the upper limit of formaldehyde content in technical products of glyphosate and also indicate the need to assess the genotoxic activity of analog pesticides entering the market of plant protection products.
Introduction. Currently, a large number of pesticide analogues manufactured past the expiration date of the patent protection of the original active ingredients are imported in the Russian Federation. The toxicological-hygienic examinations based on numerous trials, including mutagenicity (genotoxicity) studies, is necessary to confirm their safety. Material and methods. The study of the genotoxic activity of three technical products of the pesticide active ingredient, a benzoylcyclohexane-1,3-dione derivative, produced in the various factories was carried out. research was performed using the bacterial reverse mutation method (Ames test) and the in vivo mouse bone marrow micronucleus test. Results. Statistically significant and dose-dependent genotoxic effects of the test samples were observed in the strains of Salmonella typhimurium of TA 97, TA 102, TA 100. However, the increase in the number of revertants in the experiment versus the negative control was less than two in all cases, with the exception of strain TA 97. Weak but biologically significant outcomes were found in TA 97 culture (the increase in the number of revertants in comparison to spontaneous level was ≥ 2. In the micronucleus test only two of the three samples produced a statistically significant increase in the incidence of micronucleated polychromatophilic erythrocytes. One of the samples induced the significant genotoxic effect only at the high dose (2000 mg/kg b.w.), and another one (with the lowest active substance content) at all dose levels. In both cases, a linear dose-effect dependence was found. The cytogenetic effects were low, at the level of the upper limit of the laboratory's historical negative control Conclusion. The obtained data indicate that the ability of the tested technical products of the benzoylcyclohexane-1,3-dione derivative to induce the gene and chromosomal damages increases with decreasing concentration of the active ingredient in technical products, probably due to the enhancement of the genotoxic impurity level. Thus, the technical products of analogue pesticides are not always equivalent to the original active substances in terms of their biological activity. That confirms the necessity for toxicological-hygienic testing, in particular genotoxicity assessments of all generic pesticides entering the market.
Introduction. Evaluation of genotoxicity of the pesticide technical products is one of the mandatory requirements for their toxicological and hygienic assessment. The data about mutagenic property is ambiguous for some pesticides. This may be due to the use of various active ingredients of technical products of the pesticide for testing, as they may have different profiles of relevant impurities, some of which may be potentially genotoxic. Material and methods. A technical product of N-(1-ethylpropyl)-2,6-dinitro-3,4-xylidine was tested using the bacterial reverse mutation method with Salmonella typhimurium (Ames test) and the in vivo mammalian micronucleus analysis in mouse bone marrow erythrocytes. Results. Statistically significant dose-dependent mutagenic effects of the technical product of N-(1-ethylpropyl)-2,6-dinitro-3,4-xylidine were revealed for TA97 (+S9 / -S9); TA100 (+S9 / -S9); TA102 (+S9 / -S9) and TA98 (+S9 / -S9) strains. In all cases, the fold increase of the revertant numbers mediated by the tested substance compared with the concurrent negative control was > 2 except TA98 in the presence of S9. In the micronucleus test, the technical product did not induce a statistically significant increase in the frequency of the micronucleated polychromatophilic erythrocytes in CD-1 mouse bone marrow up to 2000 mg/kg bw. Conclusion. The data suggest all technical products of pesticides entering the market should be tested for the potential genotoxicity. In such a case it is necessary to use at least two methods on different test systems for obtaining reliable results.
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