В процессе работы и хранения сельскохозяйственная техника подвергается влиянию таких факторов как ультрафиолетовые лучи, конденсат, перемена температуры, различные химикаты от удобрений и т.д., большинство из которых приводит к коррозии металла. Все эти факторы отрицательно влияют на техническое состояние техники и приводят к отказам, т.е. кнеработоспособному состоянию. К примеру, картофелеуборочный комбайн испытывает воздействие трения земли о поверхность и попадание на нее влаги, что повреждает поверхность и приводит к возникновению коррозии. Для предотвращения или уменьшения проявления коррозии следует защищать и обрабатывать поверхности сельскохозяйственной техники. Далее рассмотрим современные противокоррозионные технологии и защитные материалы. В противокоррозионной практике для изоляции металла от воздействия агрессивных сред используются специальные защитные покрытия. Все они подразделяются на металлические и неметаллические. Металлические анодные и катодные покрытия наносятся на поверхности методами газотермического напыления, окунания, гальванизации, плакирования или диффузии. Неметаллические покрытия подразделяются на органические и неорганические. Они создают на обрабатываемых поверхностях тонкую, инертную по отношению к агрессивным веществам пленку, которая предохраняет детали от негативных воздействий окружающей среды. В настоящее время для защиты поверхностей существует множество технологий и материалов, которые различаются по качеству обработки, цене и сроку службы. Для каждой поверхности и детали сельскохозяйственной техники можно подобрать свою технологию и материал для защиты от коррозии.In the process of operation and storage of agricultural machinery is influenced by factors, including: ultraviolet rays, condensate, temperature changes, various chemicals from fertilizers, etc., most of which leads to corrosion of the metal. All these factors adversely affect the technical condition of the equipment and lead to failures and, accordingly, not working condition. For example, a potato harvester is affected by the friction of the earth on the surface and the ingress of moisture on it, which damages the surface and leads to corrosion. Agricultural machinery should be protected and treated to prevent or reduce corrosion. Next, consider modern anticorrosive technologies and protective materials. In anticorrosion practice, special protective coatings are used to isolate the metal from the effects of aggressive media. All of them are divided into metal and nonmetal. Metal anode and cathode coatings are applied on the surface by methods of thermal spraying, dipping, galvanizing, cladding or diffusion. Nonmetallic coatings are divided into organic and inorganic. They create a thin film on the treated surfaces, inert with respect to aggressive substances, which protects the parts from the negative effects of the environment. At present, there are many technologies and materials for the protection of equipment to protect surfaces, which differ in the quality of processing, price and service life. For each surface and details of agricultural machinery, you can choose your technology and material for corrosion protection.
During 1991-1994, on the order of the Ministry of Fuel and Energy (Mintop6nergo) of Russia, the Karelian Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences conducted integrated scientific-research work [2] intended to evaluate the space--time distribution of the renewable energy resources of the Karelian Republic and to analyze the prospects for their involvement into the fuel--energy balance.At the 1990 level, in the Karelian Republic the share of the "imported" fuel--energy resources amounted to 78%, and for the "imported" fuel resources it amounted to 89%. From neighboring energy systems, 56% of the electric energy was obtained. The total consumption of thermal energy from the central sources was 14.795 billion Gcal, and the electric energy amounted to 8.83 billion kWh [14].The consumption, per inhabitant, of fuel--energy resources (9.75 tons/man), centralized heat (18.7 kcal/man), and electric energy (11.1 kWh/man) exceed the mean Russian indices by 14, 32, and 52% [7]. The causes of such a high energy consumption level lie in predominance, in the republic's economy, of base-material energy-consuming branches: cellulose-paper and metallurgical, which have an unjustifiably high specific energy consumption in their production and which use about 60% of the thermal and electric energy.Lack of their own deposits of traditional fossil fuel (petroleum, gas, coal), main development, in the republic's economy, of energy-consuming base-material production, and slow harnessing of generating capacity based on local energy sources have determined a sharp deficit in the fuel--energy balance of the Karelian Republic.However, Karelia has a high wind energy potential, significant reserves of permanently renewed biomass in the form of wood plants, peat, refuse from the communal and agricultural economy, and a large non-used micro-hydropower potential [3]. Use of these resources for production of biofuel, heat, and electric energy, as well as for introduction of energy-saving technology in energy-consuming installations, will make it possible to significantly reduce the fuel--energy balance deficit of Karelia and improve the ecologic situation in the region.In conformity with the new conception of energy policies of Russia. "the regions should independently draw up programs for their own economic development, combining the possibilities of utilization of local energy sources with economically justifiable participation in the creation of inter-regional fuel energy complexes and systems of transportation of energy carriers on cooperative principles" [6]. For the Karelian conditions, taking into account the prospects for use of the Shtokmanovsk natural gas field, a long-term concept of energy development should be oriented toward utilization of natural gas and maximum involvement, in the fuel--energy balance, of local renewable sources of energy. Already at the present time, the renewable sources of energy are the basic local energy sources used. Their share in the fuel--energy balance amounts to 22 %. For energy purposes use ...
The article contains the results of a study of the state of the fuel and energy complex (FEC) of the Republic of Buryatia. The role of fuel and energy complex in the economy of the republic is analyzed in the article. The main problems, the solution of which is necessary for further development of the industry, including energy security and low efficiency of heat and power production in the power system, are identified by the author. The tasks of development of transboundary interaction with the energy system of Mongolia are defined. Possible options for gasification of Buryatia were studied. To ensure increased energy security of the Republic of Buryatia and the efficiency of the Buryat energy system, the main activity is the continuation of the construction of Ulan-Ude Thermal Power Station-2. The necessity of actualization of the development strategy of the fuel and energy complex of the Baikal region based on the diversification of the fuel and energy balance due to gasification, the development of gas processing and gas chemistry, the use of non-traditional and renewable types of energy is substantiated.
Внедрение кассетной технологии выращивания рассады требует совершенствования мобильных дождевальных машин для обеспечения необходимого качества дождя, эффективности полива и требуемых эксплуатационных показателей. Мобильная дождевальная машина имеет крылья с насадками для орошения. Вращение дождевальных крыльев и осуществление полива центральной части круга обеспечивается за счет сил струй двух насадок секторного действия, работающих по принципу сегнерова колеса. Для полива внешней части круга и исключения попадания дождя на стенки теплицы на концевых частях крыльев установки монтируются дождевальные насадки кругового действия. Расход насадок определяется как сумма объёмов воды, попавшей в дождемеры при орошении. Значение дальности полета капель в середине сектора орошения в направлении факела принималось за радиус орошения насадки. Средний диаметр капель искусственного дождя определялся путем улавливания их в начале, середине и конце факела насадок на предварительно тарированной фильтровальной бумаге. Равномерность распределения искусственного дождя по площади орошения, т.е. коэффициенты полива насадок определялись статистическим методом как отношение числа случаев эффективного, недостаточного и избыточного поливов к общему числу случаев. На основе полученных данных получена столбчатая диаграмма, отражающая уровень осадков зоны полива в соответствии с расположением дождемеров. На основании полученного уравнения регрессии построена поверхность распределения слоя осадков по площади полива с учетом сглаживания. Для обеспечения равномерности полива задавались величиной полива. Просуммировав уровни осадков на соседних позициях, можно задаться требуемым уровнем осадков при перекрытии. Полученное уравнение решается методом итераций, для заданного радиуса полива можно определить величину перекрытия, то есть расстояние между соседними позициями. Рациональное расстояние между соседними позициями дождевальной установки определяется радиусом полива и функцией распределения осадков по площади полива.To introduce cassette technology for growing seedlings, mobile irrigation machines should be improved to ensure the necessary rain quality, irrigation efficiency, and required performance indicators. The mobile sprinkler has wings with irrigation nozzles. The rotation of the sprinkler wings of the installation and the irrigation of the central part of the circle is ensured by the jet forces of the two nozzles of sectorial action, working on the principle of a segner wheel. To irrigate the outer part of the circle and to prevent rain from entering the walls of the greenhouse, sprinkler nozzles of circular action are mounted on the end parts of the wings of the installation. The nozzle flow rate is defined as the sum of the volumes of water that fell into the rain gauges during irrigation. The value of the flight range of the droplets in the middle of the irrigation sector in the direction of the torch was taken as the radius of irrigation of the nozzle. The average diameter of the artificial rain droplets was determined by trapping them at the beginning, middle and end of the nozzle torch on precalibrated filter paper. The uniform distribution of artificial rain over the irrigation area, i.e. nozzle irrigation coefficients were determined by the statistical method as the ratio of the number of cases of effective, insufficient and excessive irrigation to the total number of cases. Based on the data obtained, a bar chart is obtained that reflects the level of precipitation in the irrigation zone in accordance with the location of the rain gauges. Based on the obtained regression equation, a surface is constructed for the distribution of the sediment layer over the irrigation area, taking into account smoothing. To ensure uniform watering, we set the amount of watering. Having summed up the precipitation levels at neighboring positions, you can set the required precipitation level at overlapping. The resulting equation is solved by the iteration method, for a given irrigation radius, you can determine the amount of overlap, that is, the distance between adjacent positions. The rational distance between adjacent positions of the sprinkler is determined by the radius of irrigation and the distribution function of precipitation over the irrigation area. Key words: irrigation, sprinkler, sheltered soil, cassette method, seedlings.
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