Kazakhstan hopes to become the leader in medical education in Central Asia and suggests other Universities in the area to adopt its approach to internationalization of medical education.

Lagged Poincaré plots have been successful in characterizing abnormal cardiac function. However, the current research practices do not favour any specific lag of Poincaré plots, thus complicating the comparison of results of different researchers in their analysis of heart rate of healthy subjects and patients. We researched the informative nature of lagged Poincaré plots in different states of the autonomic nervous system. It was tested in three models: different age groups, groups with different balance of autonomous regulation, and in hypertensive patients. Correlation analysis shows that for lag l = 6, SD1/SD2 has weak (r = 0.33) correlation with linear parameters of heart rate variability (HRV). For l more than 6 it displays even less correlation with linear parameters, but the changes in SD1/SD2 become statistically insignificant. Secondly, surrogate data tests show that the real SD1/SD2 is statistically different from its surrogate value and the conclusion could be made that the heart rhythm has nonlinear properties. Thirdly, the three models showed that for different functional states of the autonomic nervous system (ANS), SD1/SD2 ratio varied only for lags l = 5 and 6. All of this allow to us to give cautious recommendation to use SD1/SD2 with lags 5 and 6 as a nonlinear characteristic of HRV. The received data could be used as the basis for continuing the research in standardisation of nonlinear analytic methods.

Objectives Medical error is a significant cause of patient harms in clinical practice, but education and training are recognised as having a key role in minimising their incidence. The use of virtual patient (VP) activities targeting training in medical error allows learners to practice patient management in a safe environment. The inclusion of branched decision-making elements in the activities has the potential to drive additional generative cognitive processing and improved learning outcomes, but the increased cognitive load on learning risks negatively affecting learner motivation. The aim of this study is to better understand the impact that the inclusion of decision-making and inducing errors within the VP activities has on learner motivation. Methods Using a repeated study design, over a period of six weeks we provided undergraduate medical students at six institutions in three countries with a series of six VPs written around errors in paediatric practice. Participants were divided into two groups and received either linearly structured VPs or ones that incorporated branched decision-making elements. Having completed all the VPs, each participant was asked to complete a survey designed to assess their motivation and learning strategies. Results Our analysis showed that in general, there was no significant difference in learner motivation between those receiving the linear VPs and those who received branched decision-making VPs. The same results were generally reflected across all six institutions. Conclusions The findings demonstrated that the inclusion of decision-making elements did not make a significant difference to undergraduate medical students’ motivation, perceived self-efficacy or adopted learning strategies. The length of the intervention was sufficient for learners to overcome any increased cognitive load associated with branched decision-making elements being included in VPs. Further work is required to establish any immediate impact within periods shorter than the length of our study or upon achieved learning outcomes.

We propose the method to compute the nonlinear parameters of heart rhythm (correlation dimension D 2 and correlation entropy K 2) using 5-minute ECG recordings preferred for screening of population. Conversion of RR intervals' time series into continuous function x(t) allows getting the new time series with different sampling rate dt. It has been shown that for all dt (250, 200, 125, and 100 ms) the cross-plots of D 2 and K 2 against embedding dimension m for phase-space reconstruction start to level off at m = 9. The sample size N at different sampling rates varied from 1200 at dt = 250 ms to 3000 at dt = 100 ms. Along with, the D 2 and K 2 means were not statistically different; that is, the sampling rate did not influence the results. We tested the feasibility of the method in two models: nonlinear heart rhythm dynamics in different states of autonomous nervous system and age-related characteristics of nonlinear parameters. According to the acquired data, the heart rhythm is more complex in childhood and adolescence with more influential parasympathetic influence against the background of elevated activity of sympathetic autonomous nervous system.

No abstract

No abstract

The aim: To compare the results of multiple mini-interviews with the results of medical students' achievements after the completion level of study.Methods: The study was conducted to determine the efficacy, validity, and reliability of the multiple mini-interview methods for differential selection and admission to medical education organizations. The study assessed the ability to learn with the definition of the professional suitability of students of 1 year of study (n = 491) with the help of multiple mini-interviews, followed by their academic achievements for two years, evaluated the final results for the Grade Point Average after each stage of the study.Results: Analysis of the results showed that the multiple mini-interviews are a suitable method to evaluate candidates' ability to study in medicine, which assesses a creative thinking, communication skills, and a personal behavior. Candidates with high scores of the United National Testing and multiple mini-interviews confirm their abilities with academic achievements, however, they account for a one-third of the total. 12% of students, who have left the university at their own will, had average United National Testing results and low multiple mini-interviews scores, which indicated their low motivation to study in medicine and lack of willingness to overcome learning difficulties. Annually more than 15% of students re-study some of the disciplines, and this is also due to the fact that they do not study with the curriculum. The high results of multiple mini-interviews matched with the high results of United National Testing and educational achievements in only 23.6% of the total number of candidates, which show the reliability and applicability of the method studied.Conclusion: Multiple mini-interview is the most suitable method for qualitative differentiated selection and admission of applicants to medical universities, which allows to evaluate and predict professional suitability and to minimize the number of "casual" students in medicine. Multiple mini-interview is a reliable and acceptable method and is recommended to be introduced as an additional exam for admission to medical universities.

No abstract