543.54:547.973 E. I. Shaposhnik, and S. V. Kol′tsov The qualitative and quantitative compositions of anthocyans from fruit of plants of the Caprifoliaceae family grown under conditions of Belgorod region were investigated. The plants included elder species [Sambucus nigra L. (I), S. canadensis (II), and S. canadensis f. sceletoniana (III)], Viburnum opulus L., and Lonicera caerulea L. It has been found that the principal anthocyans of I are cyanidin-3-sambubioside (52.5%) and cyanidin-3-glucoside (37.1%) whereas from the other two elder species the principal component was cyanidin-3-sambubioside-5-glucoside, acylated p-coumaric acid, 70.9 (II) and 54.3% (III). Fruit of the other plants did not contain acylated anthocyans. The content of anthocyans in fresh or dried fruit was determined by spectrophotometry.Black elder (Sambucus nigra L.) is a traditional plant of Belgorod region. The healing properties of the fruit and flowers of this plant have been known since long ago. It is recommended in modern medicine [1,2].We investigated fruit of black elder and those of S. canadensis L. and its serrate-leafed variety S. canadensis f. sceletoniana, which were introduced to the Botanical Garden of Belgorod University; cranberry, Viburnum opulus L., also a traditional plant of the region; and finally, blue-fruit honeysuckle, Lonicera caerulea L. Table 1 gives the results. The qualitative composition of anthocyans found by us agrees with the literature [3-6]. The principal components for the black-elder anthocyan complex were unacylated 3-glycosides of cyanidine (sambubioside, Cy-3-Sam, and the glucoside, Cy-3-Glu) whereas for the other elders the acylatd derivative, Cy-3-Sam * -5-Glu, the structure of which was determined [3] as cyanidin-3-(6-p-coumaroyl-2-xylosylglucoside)-5-glucoside, was significantly dominant. In the first instance, a relatively small quantity of unacylated diglycosides, Cy-3-Sam-5-Glu and Cy-3,5-diGlu, was also detected. The difference in the anthocyan composition of black elder, on the one hand, and the other elders, on the other, is easily observed also from the bathochromic shift of the absorption wavelength maximum of the total pigments in aqueous HCl solutions (by 5 nm, from 505 to 510 nm).The structures of the detected pigments agreed with the literature data according to results from an investigation of the acid-hydrolysis products of the extracts. We note that the main acylated component of the extracts already after 15-20 min practically completely loses the xylosyl unit (like unacylated Cy-3-Sam-5-Glu) whereas the unacylated hydrolysis products in all instances accumulate less than acylated Cy-3-Glu and the final product, the aglycon.Potentiometric titration showed that fruit of S. canadensis contains 2-3 times less acids (0.007 mol-eq per 100 g) than black elder (0.017-0.022 mol-eq per 100 g).The anthocyan composition of fruit from L. caerulea is much simpler. The principal component is cyanidine 3-glucoside; the next most plentiful component, cyanidine 3-rutinoside, Cy-3-Rut. Fruit of V. o...

The studies reported here established that fruits of the perennial and quite hardy plant Physalis alkekengi grown in the conditions of the Belgorod area accumulate zeaxanthin (and B-cryptoxanthin) derivatives at levels of up to 20 mg/g of husks, which are needed for the prevention of age-related visual lossyesBS

The accumulation of xanthophylls in flowers of marigold (Tagetes ) species cultivated under conditions of the Belgorod region has been studied. Five cultivars representing three marigold species were investigated, including T. erecta (Rhodes and Orange Snow cultivars), T. patula (Bolero and Harmony) and T. tenuifolia (Red Gem). The overall xanthophyll content in the petals of flowers has been determined spectrophotometrically, while the composition of lutein diesters in each Tagetes species as well as the composition of anthocyanins in the flowers with claret spots have been studied by reverse phase HPLC. It is established that the total content of xanthophylls and their composition are close to the published data for analogous species growing in other regions of the world. It is shown that more than 90% of xanthophylls in flowers are retained upon drying and the content of lutein diesters in the dry material can exceed 15 mg/g. 540 0091-150X/07/4110-0540

The pathogenic microflora and entomofauna were studied on the Chaenomeles Lindl. cutivars (Maloideae, Rosaceae). In central Russia, the multi-year systematic monitoring of pathogens and phytophages was carried out on plants Ch. japonica, Ch. cathayensis, Ch.×superba. Among the identified pathogens, the micromycetes belonging to genera Botrytis, Cytospora, Diplocarpon, Entomosporium, Gloeosporium, Monilia, Neonectria, Penicillium, Pestalotia, Phomopsis, Phyllosticta, Septoria and Sphaeropsis were found to be injurious. With age, the accumulation of infectious background, including viral diseases and the damaging entomofauna was noted in the plantings of fruit crop Chaenomeles. The species composition of phytophages is mainly represented by autochthonous species (polyphages and oligophages), preferring the plants of Rosaceae family. Despite the abundance of species in the phytophage complex, it has a little effect on the decorativeness of Ch. japonica, Ch. cathayensis and Ch. × superba.

The red raspberry is one of the world’s most popular berries. The main direction of its breeding has switched to nutritional quality, and the evaluation of raspberry germplasm for antioxidant content and activity is very important. As berries, raspberry leaves contain valuable bioactive compounds, but the optimal time for their collection is unknown. We evaluated 25 new breeding lines and standard raspberry cultivars for their polyphenolic content and antioxidant capacity. The antioxidant activity of berries correlated better with the content of total phenolics (0.88 and 0.92) and flavonoids (0.76 and 0.88) than with anthocyanins (0.37 and 0.66). Two breeding lines were significantly superior to the standard cultivars and can be used in further breeding. Leaves collected in three phenological phases of the raspberry contained more phenolics (5.4-fold) and flavonoids (4.1-fold) and showed higher antioxidant activities (2.4-fold in FRAP assay, 2.2-fold in ABTS) than berries. The optimal time for harvesting raspberry leaves is the fruit ripening stage, with exceptions for some cultivars. Genetic diversity analysis using microsatellite (SSR) markers from flavonoid biosynthesis genes divided the genotypes into five clusters, generally in agreement with their kinships. The relationship between genetic data based on metabolism-specific SSR markers and the chemical diversity of cultivars was first assessed. The biochemical and genetic results show a strong correlation (0.78). This study is useful for further the improvement of raspberry and other berry crops.