Introduction. Today, alternative natural resources are increasingly used as the main industrial raw material used not only for the production of biofuels and various types of energy, but also other products. Bioenergy crops of miscanthus and switchgrass, which are characterized by long-term high yields, in contrast to, for example, agricultural waste, can be a promising way to attract new sources of high quality cellulose and for the production of bioplastics. The latest scientific research of miscanthus confirms the hypothesis of Ukrainian scientists of the 1980s and scientists from other countries that the raw material of this cellulose-containing crop is fully positioned as a material for the production of cellulose and bioplastics, and for biotechnological production of soluble carbohydrates and biofuels. Conclusion. It is proved that bioenergy crops of miscanthus and switchgrass can be a promising way to attract new sources of high quality cellulose for bioplastics production.
The article presents the results of the analysis of the state of bioenergy in Ukraine in recent years, and notes a significant gap between its development indicators and those of other countries in the world. Measures for accelerated rates of biofuel production for the period up to 2025 and its projected indicators are substantiated. In particular, total biofuel production in Ukraine should increase from 2.83 million to 6.2 million tons, including: solid types up to - 3.5 million tons BOE, liquid-up to 0.7 million tons BOE, biogas-up to 2.0 million tons BOE. The list of main types of raw materials for biofuel production is given. The economic, technological, and economic characteristics of the main bioenergy crops, plantations of which are recommended to be laid in the coming years, are given. These performance indicators are obtained in production experiments, especially the ability to absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and release oxygen, as well as reduce emissions of harmful substances during combustion. It is established that such a crop as Paulownia is the fastest growing plant (5-6 m per year). Another advantage of Paulownia is the high degree of environmental friendliness. One hectare consumes 1200 tons of CO2, significantly improving degraded, marginal land. The recommendations for the creation of industrial plantations of bioenergy crops and the material and technical base for processing are substantiated. Total costs for bioenergy by 2025 in the amount of $ 1,379 million have been determined. Proposal for co-operation of producers and processors of bio-raw materials at the local level is suggested.
various insecticides on sugar beet crops and their effect on the useful entomofauna and reduction of the number of beetroot weevil have been analysed. It was found that application of insecticides of various origins at different doses for the protection of sugar beet sprouts from pests in the period from 1981 to 1985 per 100,000 hectares at an average number of treatments of 2.6 totaled 260,000 hectares. In that period, 1,404,000 liters (1404 tons) of insecticides were spent at the average application rate of 5.4 L/ha. Since 1986, when systemic pesticides introduced, the total area of spraying crops with pesticide solutions significantly decreased and in 2001, it was 10,000 hectares with an insecticide expenditure rate of only 1 ton per 10,000 hectares. The population of beetroot weevil for the period of 1985-2015 decreased 1.72 fold in root storage places and 3 fold in sugar beet sowings. At the same time, the number of useful entomofauna representatives, in particular, of Carabidae family, while absent until 1990, increased significantly and in the period from 1991 to 2015 numbered 2.1-3.8 per 1 m 2. In addition, such useful insects as malachiid beetle, sulphide fly, goldeneye and Caenocrepis bothynoderis Grom. feed on the various stages of the beetroot weevil development. Bacterial diseases, namely foulbrood and others also regulate beetroot weevil population. Accordingly, entomophages inhibit the massive reproduction of the phytophags and maintain their population density at a certain level. The localization of pesticides on the seed material is an advanced way of the pest control for all crops. This method of control fully meets the requirements to formulations in regard to plant protection from pests and the environment protection from chemical contamination.
To establish the biological characteristics of growth and development of plants and the formation of planting material of miscanthus under conditions of drip irrigation. Methods. Field, laboratory, visual, measuring, weight, mathematical-statistical. Results. Represented the effectiveness of cultivation of planting material of miscanthus under conditions of drip irrigation without the application of Maxi Marin absorbent and when it is added to the period of planting of the rhizome. High survival of miscanthus plants in transplanting them from growing to open ground is established. In the conditions of drip irrigation it was 4.9% (without absorbent) and 3.3% (for making absorbent) more than without irrigation was. Drip irrigation significantly influenced the plant height and the formation of stems, while the introduction of absorbent was observed only a tendency of increase of these indicators. Introducing absorbent in rainfed conditions has resulted in a substantial increase in the content of free water in the leaves of miscanthus. Drip irrigation has contributed to intensive growth of not only land mass, and the mass of roots that provided a significant increase in the yield of planting material - the rhizome. The average for years of research weight uterine rhizome in drip irrigation was greater in control (without absorbent) by 62.8%, or 917,9 g than the absorbent application, respectively, the 61.8% or 912,7 g compared to irrigated conditions. Conclusions. The use of an absorbent as in rainfed conditions without irrigation, and in drip irrigation did not provide the increase of biometric parameters of the plants, weight of roots and, consequently, the output of planting material - the rhizome. The increase of these indicators was significantly affected only drip irrigation. In drip irrigation without any absorbent and when it is added from one of the ovaries rhizomes obtained mass was 15-20 g in 1.5 and weighing 25-30 g in 1.4 times more compared to the cultivation of ovaries without irrigation.
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