Резюме. Цель. Целью исследований являлась разработка процесса утилизация вторичных продуктов пере-работки зерна тритикале на крахмал и белковый концентрат с получением кормового микробно-растительного концентрата (КМРК) для прудовых рыб. Методы. В работе использовали стандартные и спе-циальные методы анализа химического, биохимического состава (аминокислотного, минерального, жирно-кислотного, углеводного), микробиологических показателей зерна тритикале, вторичных продуктов его пере-работки и КМРК. Результаты. Показано, что с учетом особенностей химического состава сывороточных вод, нерастворимого остатка и мезги, методом биоконверсии целесообразно производить КМРК, используя продуцент -дрожжи Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Кормовая ценность КМРК по показателям протеина, липидов, минеральных веществ, клетчатки соответствовала нормативным показателям, предъявляемым к кормам для прудовой рыбы семейства карповых. КМРК содержал легкоусвояемые углеводы, качественный протеин с незаменимыми аминокислотами и липиды, в состав которых входили насыщенные, ненасыщенные жирные кислоты, включая семейства ω-6, ω-3 и фосфатиды. Заключение. Разработан процесс биоконверсии для утилизации вторичных продуктов переработки зерна тритикале на крахмал А и белковый концентрат с полу-чением на основе сывороточных вод КМРК для прудовых рыб. Концентрат характеризовался высокими зна-чениями скора незаменимых аминокислот, преобладанием ненасыщенных жирных кислот, наличием биоло-гически активных фосфолипидов, стеринов, микро-, макроэлементов. Использование концентрата в качестве добавки обеспечит сохранность рыбы, увеличит темпы роста, снизит стоимость корма и улучшит экологиче-скую обстановку на крахмальных заводах. Ключевые слова: тритикале, вторичные продукты переработки, сывороточные воды, утилизация, биокон-версия, кормовой микробно-растительный концентрат.
The present paper features processes of serum biotransformation. The serum was obtained from triticale extract and pea flour after protein concentrates of increased biological value had been extracted. The research objective was to obtain microbial and vegetable feed concentrates by using a composition of Saccharomyces cerevisiae121 yeast and the yeast-like fungus Geotrichumcandidum 977. The mass fraction of protein in the two-component composites was 75–80% of the dry matter. The score of the first and the second limiting amino acids (lysine and threonine) equaled 103–113%, and that of the third acid (sulfur- containing) was 71–72%. The chemical composition of the composites corresponded to the ‘Concentrates’ group; the values of their functional and technological properties were typical of concentrates from other types of grain crops. The study revealed some cultures that are able to actively develop in serum, which is a secondary product of processing the extract after protein isolation. A symbiotic ferment was prepared from the fungus Geotrichumcandidum 977 and the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae 121, which ensures the growth of biomass in a carbohydrate- and nitrogen-containing medium. Proteins were isolated under the action of amylase, glucoamylase, cellulose, and xylanase. The amount of high-molecular compounds (dextrins) and trioses (raffinose) released from the interaction with protein and non-starch polysaccharides decreased 2–4 times in the solution. The amount of glucose, disaccharides, xylose, and galactose increased 2–10 times, compared with the original extracts. The serum remaining after the removal of the main mass of the protein was enriched with low molecular weight mono- and oligosaccharides, which positively affected the growth of microorganisms. The mass fraction of proteins in the microbial-vegetable composite obtained from the extract with the triticale proteins and pea flour ratio of 1:5 was 15% higher than at the ratio of 1:3. Microbial and vegetable concentrates with a mass fraction of protein of 55.8–75.1% of dry matter can be used in fodder production as a protein-carbohydrate additive. Protein composites made of protein triticale and peas with a complementary amino acid composition can improve the biological value and performance of food products.
Protein deficiency in human and animal diet demands novel protein components, e.g., various leguminous concentrates. This article compares the quality indicators of food and feed protein concentrates obtained by biotechnological and biosynthetic methods from pea and chickpea flour. The research featured pea and chickpea protein concentrates; enzyme preparations Shearzym 500 L, Viscoferm L, Fungamyl 800 L, and Alcalase 2.4 L (Denmark); Saccharomyces and Geotrichum micromycetes yeasts. The protein concentrates were obtained from pea and chickpea flour using a new technology developed by the authors. The properties of the protein concentrates were studied by chemical, physicochemical, biochemical, and microbiological research methods. The research resulted in new protein concentrates for human diet and microbial-vegetable feed concentrates. The protein content was 83.22 ± 0.35% on dry basis in the chickpea protein concentrate and 71.78 ± 0.35% on dry basis in the pea concentrate. The indicator of biological value, adjusted for protein digestibility, was 96% for the pea protein concentrate and 76% for the chickpea protein concentrate. The resulting protein concentrates differed in the content of essential amino acids, copper, cobalt, manganese, and nickel, as well as in phenolic acids and their derivatives. The chickpea concentrate had a greater foaming capacity and lower foam stability, which correlated with a greater content of phenolic acids, their derivatives, parallel β-structures, and antiparallel protein 310-helices. Both the concentrates had the same results in assimilating whey carbohydrates by the consortium of Saccharomyces and G. micromycete. Both types of the dry feed biomass contained 61.68–64.10% protein on dry basis, while the biomasses with culture liquid contained 47.15–51.09% protein on dry basis. The biologically complete feed concentrates differed in the mass fraction of fat, soluble and insoluble fibers, minerals, and fatty acids. The amounts of phenolic acids and their derivatives (mg/g of protein) in the raw materials and the concentrates correlated with the optical density of their aqueous solutions at D590 nm and the color of the preparations (R = 0.895). The new pea and chickpea flour protein concentrates can be recommended as human food components, while the microbial-vegetable concentrates from pea and chickpea serum can improve the quality of raw materials of animal origin in animal feed.
A mathematical model has been developed for the dependence of the solubility of pea flour protein on technological factors (concentration of enzyme preparations, duration of fermentation, hydromodule). The optimal technological parameters were determined at 1 + 2 stages of fermentation (concentration of enzyme preparations 170 units/g of DS or 1.5 %/g of protein, duration of fermentation was 4 hours, water module 1:15), at which the solubility and yield of pea protein reached 60 % of total content in raw materials. New information has been obtained on the effect of ultrasonic treatment on a suspension of pea flour to increase protein yield by 23–24 % compared with a control sample with an ultrasound wave amplitude of 10 microns and a processing time of 3 minutes, the final solubility is 83–84 %. The resulting protein product was characterized by high protein content, complementary amino acid composition; it is recommended for use in food purposes.
Из зерна нута получены белковые концентраты пищевого и кормового назначения с массовой долей белка на сухое вещество 83,22±0,35 % и 54,22±0,46 % соответственно и сбалансированным аминокислотным составом. Protein concentrates for food and feed purposes were obtained from chickpea grains with a mass fraction of protein per dry matter of 83.22±0.35 % and 54.22±0.46 %, respectively, and a balanced amino acid composition.
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